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Results for “IG” · papers 4 · wiki 36
Academic Papers · 4arXiv q-fin live 3 · desk corpus 1
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2025

Supervised Similarity for High-Yield Corporate Bonds with Quantum Cognition Machine Learning

We investigate the application of quantum cognition machine learning (QCML), a novel paradigm for both supervised and unsupervised learning tasks rooted in the mathematical formalism of quantum theory, to distance metric learning in corporate bond markets. Compared to equities, corporate bonds are relatively illiquid and both trade and quote data in these securities are relatively sparse. Thus, a measure of distance/…

Joshua Rosaler, Luca Candelori, Vahagn Kirakosyan, Kharen Musaelian, Ryan Samson
arXiv · arXiv · 2016

Kriging of financial term-structures

Due to the lack of reliable market information, building financial term-structures may be associated with a significant degree of uncertainty. In this paper, we propose a new term-structure interpolation method that extends classical spline techniques by additionally allowing for quantification of uncertainty. The proposed method is based on a generalization of kriging models with linear equality constraints (market-…

Areski Cousin, Hassan Maatouk, Didier Rullière
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2025

On the Efficacy of Shorting Corporate Bonds as a Tail Risk Hedging Solution

United States (US) IG bonds typically trade at modest spreads over US Treasuries, reflecting the credit risk tied to a corporation's default potential. During market crises, IG spreads often widen and liquidity tends to decrease, likely due to increased credit risk (evidenced by higher IG Credit Default Index spreads) and the necessity for asset holders like mutual funds to liquidate assets, including IG credits, to …

Travis Cable, Amir Mani, Wei Qi, Georgios Sotiropoulos, Yiyuan Xiong
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2019

On spatially irregular ordinary differential equations and a pathwise volatility modelling framework

This thesis develops a new framework for modelling price processes in finance, such as an equity price or foreign exchange rate. This can be related to the conventional Ito calculus-based framework through the time integral of a price's squared volatility, or `cumulative variance'. In the new framework, corresponding processes are strictly increasing, solve random ordinary differential equations (ODEs), and are compo…

Ryan McCrickerd
Wiki Entities · 36
AI Systems

Activation Function

An activation function is the pointwise nonlinearity between linear layers. Without it, stacked layers collapse to a single linear map.

AI Systems

Attention Mechanism

Attention builds a weighted average of values, with weights from a compatibility function of queries and keys. It lets a model focus on relevant parts of a context instead of a single fixed vector.

AI Systems

Backpropagation

Backpropagation computes gradients of a scalar loss with respect to every weight by applying the chain rule backwards through the computational graph.

AI Systems

Batch Normalization

Batch normalization re-centers and re-scales layer inputs using mini-batch statistics, then learns a scale and shift, reducing internal covariate shift and allowing higher learning rates.

AI Systems

Dropout

Dropout randomly zeroes hidden units during training so the net cannot rely on any single co-adaptation, then scales weights at test time (or uses inverted dropout).

AI Systems

Fine-Tuning

Fine-tuning continues training a pretrained model on a narrower distribution so the same weights specialize — classification heads, instruction following, or a desk domain.

AI Systems

Gated Recurrent Unit

GRU is a lighter gated RNN with reset and update gates, often matching LSTM quality at lower cost on medium-length sequences.

AI Systems

Graph Neural Network

A GNN updates each node from its neighbors. Message passing lets the model use relational structure — markets, molecules, citation graphs — instead of forcing a grid.

AI Systems

In-Context Learning

In-context learning is when a frozen language model improves at a task from examples placed in the prompt, without weight updates.

AI Systems

Knowledge Distillation

Knowledge distillation trains a smaller student to match a teacher’s output distribution (soft labels), transferring behavior without copying every weight.

AI Systems

LoRA

LoRA fine-tunes a frozen model by learning low-rank adapters on selected weight matrices, cutting trainable parameters and storage versus full fine-tunes.

AI Systems

Neural Network

A neural network is a layered function approximator: units compute a weighted sum, apply a nonlinearity, and pass the result forward so the whole stack can learn a mapping from inputs to outputs.

AI Systems

Perceptron

The perceptron is the original trainable linear classifier: a weighted sum plus a threshold. It is the atom of neural nets, and it cannot learn XOR without a hidden layer.

AI Systems

Regularization

Regularization is any constraint that trades train fit for expected live error: weight decay, dropout, early stopping, data augmentation, or a simpler hypothesis class.

AI Systems

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback

RLHF fits a reward model to human (or AI) preference comparisons, then optimizes a language model against that reward, usually with a KL penalty back to a reference policy.

AI Systems

Sequence-to-Sequence

Seq2seq maps an input sequence to an output sequence of possibly different length via an encoder–decoder, originally with RNNs and later with Transformers.

AI Systems

Softmax

Softmax maps a real vector to a probability simplex: softmax(z)_i = exp(z_i) / Σ exp(z_j). It is the standard last layer for classification and attention weights.

AI Systems

U-Net

U-Net is an encoder–decoder CNN with skip connections from downsampling to upsampling paths, designed so fine spatial detail survives compression.

AI Systems

Xavier Initialization

Xavier/Glorot initialization scales initial weights so variance is preserved through a layer — the default that made deep tanh/sigmoid nets trainable before BatchNorm.

Banking

Deposit Insurance

Deposit insurance is a public guarantee on eligible deposits up to a cap — a run-stopper that creates moral hazard and a hard cap problem.

Banking

KBW Bank Index

KBW Bank Index tracks the equity performance of major U.S. banks and provides insight into banking-sector health, credit transmission, and market confidence.

Banking

Leverage Ratio Constraint

Leverage Ratio Constraint — Non-risk-weighted capital floor binding balance-sheet capacity.

Banking

Liquidity Coverage Ratio

Liquidity Coverage Ratio — Regulatory high-quality liquid asset requirement for 30-day stress.

Banking

Too Big to Fail

Too big to fail is the expectation that a firm’s collapse would force a public rescue — a subsidy in funding spreads and a policy problem.

Commodities

Backwardation

Backwardation is a futures curve that falls with tenor — nearby richer than deferred, usually a tightness / convenience-yield story.

Commodities

Baltic Dry Index

Baltic Dry Index tracks shipping rates for dry bulk commodities and offers a real-economy signal on trade flows, freight conditions, and industrial demand.

Commodities

Gold Price

Gold price reflects demand for a non-yielding reserve asset and is often used as a signal for real yields, macro uncertainty, and confidence in fiat systems.

Credit

Bankruptcy

Bankruptcy is a court process that stays creditors and restructures or liquidates claims when a firm cannot meet its obligations as they come due.

Credit

CDX HY Index

CDX HY Index tracks the cost of insuring a basket of North American high-yield corporate credit and serves as a sensitive gauge of credit risk appetite and stress.

Credit

CDX IG Index

CDX IG Index tracks the cost of insuring a basket of North American investment-grade corporate credit and is widely used as a real-time gauge of credit stress and financial conditions.

Credit

Collateralized Debt Obligation

A CDO is a securitization of debt (or of other securitizations) into tranches — correlation and a waterfall, not a simple bond.

Credit

High Yield OAS

High Yield OAS measures the spread of high-yield corporate bonds over risk-free Treasuries after adjusting for embedded options, serving as a key gauge of speculative credit stress.

Credit

Investment Grade

Investment grade is a credit rating of BBB− / Baa3 or better — a regulatory and mandate bucket, not a promise of no loss.

Credit

Investment Grade OAS

Investment Grade OAS measures the spread of high-quality corporate bonds over Treasuries after adjusting for embedded options, helping track broad corporate credit conditions.

Credit

Junk Bond

A junk bond is a high-yield, below-investment-grade credit — more equity-like default risk, still quoted in spread and price.

Credit

Loan Officer Survey

The Loan Officer Survey tracks bank lending standards and loan demand, providing insight into whether credit supply is tightening or easing in the real economy.

Option Blackboard · 1
Encyclopedia · 24
Strategies · Foundations

12-Month Cycle in the Cross-Section of Stock Returns

Use same-calendar-month returns in prior years as a cross-sectional signal — annual seasonality in the stock sort.

Strategies · Foundations

52-Week High Effect in Stocks

Overweight names near their 52-week high and underweight those far below — an anchoring/momentum hybrid.

Strategies · Foundations

Accrual Anomaly

Short high-accrual (low cash-earnings-quality) firms and long low-accrual firms — Sloan’s earnings-quality sort.

CTA · Foundations

AI / Machine-Learning CTA

A CTA whose signals come from ML (trees, nets, representations) rather than a hand-written MA — still a futures risk engine underneath.

Systems · Foundations

Alpha Decay

Alpha Decay — Speed at which a signal loses predictive power as capital competes for it.

Strategies · Foundations

Asset Growth Effect

Short high asset-growth firms and long low/negative growth — the investment/empire-building anomaly.

CTA · Foundations

ATR Trailing-Stop Trend

Enter on a trend signal, then trail a stop at k × ATR behind the favorable extreme — Wilder volatility as the exit engine.

AI Systems · Foundations

Attention Mechanism

Attention builds a weighted average of values, with weights from a compatibility function of queries and keys. It lets a model focus on relevant parts of a context instead of a single fixed vector.

AI Systems · Foundations

Backpropagation

Backpropagation computes gradients of a scalar loss with respect to every weight by applying the chain rule backwards through the computational graph.

Commodities · Foundations

Backwardation

Backwardation is a futures curve that falls with tenor — nearby richer than deferred, usually a tightness / convenience-yield story.

Commodities · Foundations

Baltic Dry Index

Baltic Dry Index tracks shipping rates for dry bulk commodities and offers a real-economy signal on trade flows, freight conditions, and industrial demand.

Liquidity · Foundations

Bank Term Funding Program Usage

BTFP usage tracks how much funding banks obtain through the Bank Term Funding Program, offering insight into balance-sheet stress and demand for official liquidity backstops.

Credit · Foundations

Bankruptcy

Bankruptcy is a court process that stays creditors and restructures or liquidates claims when a firm cannot meet its obligations as they come due.

AI Systems · Foundations

Batch Normalization

Batch normalization re-centers and re-scales layer inputs using mini-batch statistics, then learns a scale and shift, reducing internal covariate shift and allowing higher learning rates.

Strategies · Foundations

Betting Against Beta in International Equities

The same BAB recipe on country indexes or international stocks — low-beta vs high-beta outside the US single-name tape.

Strategies · Foundations

Betting Against Beta in Stocks

Long leveraged low-beta stocks and short high-beta stocks so the book is roughly market-neutral — BAB, not raw low-vol.

Economy · Foundations

Beveridge Curve

Beveridge Curve — Vacancy-unemployment relationship signaling matching efficiency and structural labor shifts.

Equity · Foundations

Book Value

Book value is accounting equity — assets minus liabilities on the books, not what a willing buyer would pay tonight.

Emerging Markets · Foundations

BTP-Bund Spread

BTP-Bund spread measures the yield difference between Italian and German government bonds and is a key indicator of euro-area sovereign stress and fragmentation risk.

Derivatives · Foundations

Call Option

A call option is the right, not the obligation, to buy the underlying at a strike by expiry — convex upside for a premium.

Economy · Foundations

Capacity Utilization

Capacity Utilization — How tight industrial capacity is, informing pricing power and capex cycles.

Fixed Income · Foundations

Carry and Roll Down

Carry and Roll Down — Expected return from holding higher-yielding tenor as it rolls down a positively sloped curve.

FX · Foundations

Carry Trade FX

Carry Trade FX — Funding low-yield currencies to invest in high-yielders — pro-cyclical and crash-prone.

Credit · Foundations

CDX HY Index

CDX HY Index tracks the cost of insuring a basket of North American high-yield corporate credit and serves as a sensitive gauge of credit risk appetite and stress.

Cards · 6
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