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Results for “VaR” · papers 18 · wiki 26
Academic Papers · 18arXiv q-fin live 8 · desk corpus 479
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2022

A time-varying study of Chinese investor sentiment, stock market liquidity and volatility: Based on deep learning BERT model and TVP-VAR model

Based on the commentary data of the Shenzhen Stock Index bar on the EastMoney website from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019. This paper extracts the embedded investor sentiment by using a deep learning BERT model and investigates the time-varying linkage between investment sentiment, stock market liquidity and volatility using a TVP-VAR model. The results show that the impact of investor sentiment on stock market

Chenrui Zhang, Xinyi Wu, Hailu Deng, Huiwei Zhang
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2024

Portfolio Stress Testing and Value at Risk (VaR) Incorporating Current Market Conditions

Value at Risk (VaR) and stress testing are two of the most widely used approaches in portfolio risk management to estimate potential market value losses under adverse market moves. VaR quantifies potential loss in value over a specified horizon (such as one day or ten days) at a desired confidence level (such as 95'th percentile). In scenario design and stress testing, the goal is to construct extreme market scenario

Krishan Mohan Nagpal
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2022

Volatility Sensitive Bayesian Estimation of Portfolio VaR and CVaR

In this paper, a new way to integrate volatility information for estimating value at risk (VaR) and conditional value at risk (CVaR) of a portfolio is suggested. The new method is developed from the perspective of Bayesian statistics and it is based on the idea of volatility clustering. By specifying the hyperparameters in a conjugate prior based on two different rolling window sizes, it is possible to quickly adapt

Taras Bodnar, Vilhelm Niklasson, Erik Thorsén
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2021

Mean-Variance-VaR portfolios: MIQP formulation and performance analysis

Value-at-Risk is one of the most popular risk management tools in the financial industry. Over the past 20 years several attempts to include VaR in the portfolio selection process have been proposed. However, using VaR as a risk measure in portfolio optimization models leads to problems that are computationally hard to solve. In view of this, few practical applications of VaR in portfolio selection have appeared in t

Francesco Cesarone, Manuel L Martino, Fabio Tardella
OpenAlex · Journal of Business and Economic Statistics · 2006 · cites 1231

Realized Variance and Market Microstructure Noise

We study market microstructure noise in high-frequency data and analyze its implications for the realized variance (RV) under a general specification for the noise. We show that kernel-based estimators can unearth important characteristics of market microstructure noise and that a simple kernel-based estimator dominates the RV for the estimation of integrated variance (IV). An empirical analysis of the Dow Jones Indu

Peter Reinhard Hansen, Asger Lunde
OpenAlex · European Finance Review · 2005 · cites 189

The Price of Future Liquidity: Time-Varying Liquidity in the U.S. Treasury Market

Abstract This paper examines the price differences between very liquid on-the-run U.S. Treasury securities and less liquid off-the-run securities over the on/off cycle. Comparing pairs of securities in time-series regressions allows us to disregard any fixed cross-sectional differences between securities. Also, since the liquidity of Treasury notes varies predictably over time, we can distinguish between current and

David Goldreich, Bernd Hanke, Purnendu Nath
arXiv · arXiv · 2024

Liquidity Adjustment in Multivariate Volatility Modeling: Evidence from Portfolios of Cryptocurrencies and US Stocks

We develop a liquidity-sensitive multivariate volatility framework to improve the estimation of time-varying covariance structures under market frictions. We introduce two novel portfolio-level liquidity measures, liquidity jump and liquidity diffusion, which capture magnitude and volatility of liquidity fluctuation, respectively, and construct liquidity-adjusted return and volatility that reflect real-time liquidity

Qi Deng
arXiv · arXiv · 2024

Reinforcement Learning for Optimal Execution when Liquidity is Time-Varying

Optimal execution is an important problem faced by any trader. Most solutions are based on the assumption of constant market impact, while liquidity is known to be dynamic. Moreover, models with time-varying liquidity typically assume that it is observable, despite the fact that, in reality, it is latent and hard to measure in real time. In this paper we show that the use of Double Deep Q-learning, a form of Reinforc

Andrea Macrì, Fabrizio Lillo
arXiv · arXiv · 2022

Deep Reinforcement Learning and Convex Mean-Variance Optimisation for Portfolio Management

Traditional portfolio management methods can incorporate specific investor preferences but rely on accurate forecasts of asset returns and covariances. Reinforcement learning (RL) methods do not rely on these explicit forecasts and are better suited for multi-stage decision processes. To address limitations of the evaluated research, experiments were conducted on three markets in different economies with different ov

Ruan Pretorius, Terence van Zyl
arXiv · arXiv · 2018

Cross-Sectional Variation of Intraday Liquidity, Cross-Impact, and their Effect on Portfolio Execution

The composition of natural liquidity has been changing over time. An analysis of intraday volumes for the S&P500 constituent stocks illustrates that (i) volume surprises, i.e., deviations from their respective forecasts, are correlated across stocks, and (ii) this correlation increases during the last few hours of the trading session. These observations could be attributed, in part, to the prevalence of portfolio tra

Seungki Min, Costis Maglaras, Ciamac C. Moallemi
arXiv · arXiv · 2011

Counterparty Risk FAQ: Credit VaR, PFE, CVA, DVA, Closeout, Netting, Collateral, Re-hypothecation, WWR, Basel, Funding, CCDS and Margin Lending

We present a dialogue on Counterparty Credit Risk touching on Credit Value at Risk (Credit VaR), Potential Future Exposure (PFE), Expected Exposure (EE), Expected Positive Exposure (EPE), Credit Valuation Adjustment (CVA), Debit Valuation Adjustment (DVA), DVA Hedging, Closeout conventions, Netting clauses, Collateral modeling, Gap Risk, Re-hypothecation, Wrong Way Risk, Basel III, inclusion of Funding costs, First t

Damiano Brigo
arXiv · arXiv · 2011

Optimal trade execution and price manipulation in order books with time-varying liquidity

In financial markets, liquidity is not constant over time but exhibits strong seasonal patterns. In this article we consider a limit order book model that allows for time-dependent, deterministic depth and resilience of the book and determine optimal portfolio liquidation strategies. In a first model variant, we propose a trading dependent spread that increases when market orders are matched against the order book. I

Antje Fruth, Torsten Schoeneborn, Mikhail Urusov
arXiv · arXiv · 2023

On Unified Adaptive Black-Litterman Mean-Variance Portfolio Management

This paper proposes a unified adaptive portfolio-management framework that combines factor-based view generation, Black-Litterman (BL) posterior estimation, EWMA covariance estimation, and mean-variance optimization. The key mechanism is a dynamic sliding window that adjusts the estimation horizon according to realized portfolio volatility, thereby updating factor estimates, BL posterior expected returns, and portfol

Chi-Lin Li, Chung-Han Hsieh
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Reaction-boundary variance and adjoint-consistent local-volatility projection

We derive an operational-time variance kernel for a latent-order-book reaction boundary and use it to separate three objects usually collapsed in calendar-time volatility models: a structural boundary cumulant, a clock projection, and a pricing-measure choice. The reaction boundary is the zero of a bid--ask imbalance field. For a locally linear book, signed order-flow perturbations displace this zero through a damped

Chris Angstmann, Tim Gebbie
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

A Three-Variable Benchmark for Post-GFC Covered Interest Parity Deviations

This paper proposes a public daily-frequency benchmark for post-GFC government-bond CIP deviations. Although CIP deviations are observed daily, the literature lacks a canonical benchmark for daily regressions comparable to standard factor models in asset pricing. Using G10 plus KRW currency-tenor panels, I show that three lagged public state variables-NFCI, the nominal broad U.S. dollar index, and the Treasury 10-yea

Useong Shin
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

The Signal Credibility Index for Prediction Markets: A Microstructure-Grounded Diagnostic with Weighted and Time-Varying Extensions

Prediction-market price moves are widely treated as informationally equivalent: a price jump is read the same way regardless of whether it reflects durable Bayesian updating, transient liquidity pressure, strategic position adjustment, or genuine disagreement. This paper formalizes the Signal Credibility Index (SCI) introduced in Nechepurenko (2026) as a stand-alone diagnostic. We make four contributions: (i) a revis

Maksym Nechepurenko
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Deep Reinforcement Learning for Optimal Portfolio Allocation: A Comparative Study with Mean-Variance Optimization

Portfolio Management is the process of overseeing a group of investments, referred to as a portfolio, with the objective of achieving predetermined investment goals. Portfolio optimization is a key component that involves allocating the portfolio assets so as to maximize returns while minimizing risk taken. It is typically carried out by financial professionals who use a combination of quantitative techniques and inv

Srijan Sood, Kassiani Papasotiriou, Marius Vaiciulis, Tucker Balch
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

Sentiment-Aware Mean-Variance Portfolio Optimization for Cryptocurrencies

Cryptocurrency markets are highly volatile and influenced by both price trends and market sentiment, making effective portfolio management challenging. This paper proposes a dynamic cryptocurrency portfolio strategy that integrates technical indicators and sentiment analysis to enhance investment decision-making. Market momentum is captured using the 14-day Relative Strength Index (RSI) and Simple Moving Average (SMA

Qizhao Chen
Wiki Entities · 26
AI Systems

Batch Normalization

Batch normalization re-centers and re-scales layer inputs using mini-batch statistics, then learns a scale and shift, reducing internal covariate shift and allowing higher learning rates.

AI Systems

Convolutional Neural Network

A CNN shares a local kernel across spatial (or temporal) positions, building translation-equivariant features. It is the inductive bias that cracked modern computer vision.

AI Systems

Gradient Descent

Gradient descent updates parameters against the gradient of a loss: θ ← θ − η ∇_θ L. Stochastic and mini-batch variants make the method tractable on large datasets.

AI Systems

Positional Encoding

Positional encodings inject order into a permutation-invariant attention mixer so the model knows that token i is not token j.

AI Systems

Variational Autoencoder

A VAE is a probabilistic autoencoder: the encoder outputs a distribution q(z|x), the decoder p(x|z), and training maximizes an ELBO with a KL term that keeps the latent well-behaved.

AI Systems

Xavier Initialization

Xavier/Glorot initialization scales initial weights so variance is preserved through a layer — the default that made deep tanh/sigmoid nets trainable before BatchNorm.

Derivatives

Realized Volatility

Realized Volatility — Historical return variation that determines PnL for delta-hedged option positions.

Derivatives

Term Structure of Volatility

Term Structure of Volatility — How IV varies across expiries — front vs back month regimes.

Derivatives

Variance Risk Premium

Variance Risk Premium — Gap between implied and realized volatility that systematic vol sellers harvest.

Derivatives

Variance Swap

Variance Swap — Contract paying realized variance versus strike, core institutional vol transfer instrument.

Macro Policy

Financial Conditions Index

A Financial Conditions Index aggregates variables such as rates, credit spreads, equities, and the dollar to measure how supportive or restrictive the market environment is for growth and risk assets.

Mathematics

Central Limit Theorem

The central limit theorem says that sums of many independent, finite-variance shocks look Gaussian — which is why so many models start with a normal, and why they fail when those assumptions fail.

Mathematics

Correlation

Correlation is standardized covariance, ρ ∈ [−1, 1]. It is a linear association, not causation, and it is unstable exactly when you need it.

Mathematics

Covariance

Covariance measures how two random variables move together: Cov(X,Y) = E[(X−μ_x)(Y−μ_y)]. It is the off-diagonal that makes a book more than a list of variances.

Mathematics

Eigenvalue

An eigenvalue λ of A satisfies A v = λ v. In risk, eigenvalues of the covariance matrix are the variances of the principal components — they tell you how many true factors you have.

Mathematics

Expected Value

Expected value is the probability-weighted average of a random variable — the center of the distribution you actually face, not the mode or the ‘base case’ slide.

Mathematics

Kullback–Leibler Divergence

KL divergence KL(P‖Q) = E_P[log dP/dQ] is the expected extra log-loss from using Q when the truth is P — the loss behind cross-entropy training and many variational methods.

Mathematics

Principal Component Analysis

PCA finds orthogonal directions of maximum variance in a covariance (or correlation) matrix — the yield-curve level/slope/butterfly and many equity ‘statistical factors’ are PCA.

Mathematics

Variance

Variance is the expected squared deviation from the mean, Var(X) = E[(X − μ)²]. It is the second moment that becomes volatility after a square root and a convention.

Microstructure

Intraday Volatility

Intraday Volatility — Within-day return variation informing execution timing and gamma scalping.

Quant

Diversification

Diversification is reducing idiosyncratic variance by combining imperfectly correlated risks — it does not cancel a common factor.

Quant

Efficient Frontier

The efficient frontier is the set of mean-variance-optimal portfolios — maximum expected return for each volatility, given the inputs.

Quant

Expected Shortfall

Expected shortfall is the average loss beyond VaR — a coherent tail measure that asks how bad the bad days are.

Quant

Idiosyncratic Risk

Idiosyncratic risk is residual variance after the factors — name-specific noise that diversification is supposed to shrink.

Quant

Modern Portfolio Theory

Modern portfolio theory is Markowitz mean-variance optimization — diversify covariances, not just names, to get more return per unit of variance.

Quant

Value at Risk

VaR is a quantile of the P&L distribution over a horizon — a number that says ‘we lose more than this only p percent of the time,’ until the tail arrives.

Option Blackboard · 0
No Option Blackboard entries matched.
Encyclopedia · 24
AI Systems · Foundations

Batch Normalization

Batch normalization re-centers and re-scales layer inputs using mini-batch statistics, then learns a scale and shift, reducing internal covariate shift and allowing higher learning rates.

Mathematics · Foundations

Central Limit Theorem

The central limit theorem says that sums of many independent, finite-variance shocks look Gaussian — which is why so many models start with a normal, and why they fail when those assumptions fail.

AI Systems · Foundations

Convolutional Neural Network

A CNN shares a local kernel across spatial (or temporal) positions, building translation-equivariant features. It is the inductive bias that cracked modern computer vision.

Mathematics · Foundations

Correlation

Correlation is standardized covariance, ρ ∈ [−1, 1]. It is a linear association, not causation, and it is unstable exactly when you need it.

Mathematics · Foundations

Covariance

Covariance measures how two random variables move together: Cov(X,Y) = E[(X−μ_x)(Y−μ_y)]. It is the off-diagonal that makes a book more than a list of variances.

Quant · Foundations

Diversification

Diversification is reducing idiosyncratic variance by combining imperfectly correlated risks — it does not cancel a common factor.

Quant · Foundations

Efficient Frontier

The efficient frontier is the set of mean-variance-optimal portfolios — maximum expected return for each volatility, given the inputs.

Mathematics · Foundations

Eigenvalue

An eigenvalue λ of A satisfies A v = λ v. In risk, eigenvalues of the covariance matrix are the variances of the principal components — they tell you how many true factors you have.

Quant · Foundations

Expected Shortfall

Expected shortfall is the average loss beyond VaR — a coherent tail measure that asks how bad the bad days are.

Mathematics · Foundations

Expected Value

Expected value is the probability-weighted average of a random variable — the center of the distribution you actually face, not the mode or the ‘base case’ slide.

Macro Policy · Foundations

Financial Conditions Index

A Financial Conditions Index aggregates variables such as rates, credit spreads, equities, and the dollar to measure how supportive or restrictive the market environment is for growth and risk assets.

AI Systems · Foundations

Gradient Descent

Gradient descent updates parameters against the gradient of a loss: θ ← θ − η ∇_θ L. Stochastic and mini-batch variants make the method tractable on large datasets.

Quant · Foundations

Idiosyncratic Risk

Idiosyncratic risk is residual variance after the factors — name-specific noise that diversification is supposed to shrink.

Microstructure · Foundations

Intraday Volatility

Intraday Volatility — Within-day return variation informing execution timing and gamma scalping.

Mathematics · Foundations

Kullback–Leibler Divergence

KL divergence KL(P‖Q) = E_P[log dP/dQ] is the expected extra log-loss from using Q when the truth is P — the loss behind cross-entropy training and many variational methods.

Quant · Foundations

Modern Portfolio Theory

Modern portfolio theory is Markowitz mean-variance optimization — diversify covariances, not just names, to get more return per unit of variance.

AI Systems · Foundations

Positional Encoding

Positional encodings inject order into a permutation-invariant attention mixer so the model knows that token i is not token j.

Mathematics · Foundations

Principal Component Analysis

PCA finds orthogonal directions of maximum variance in a covariance (or correlation) matrix — the yield-curve level/slope/butterfly and many equity ‘statistical factors’ are PCA.

Derivatives · Foundations

Realized Volatility

Realized Volatility — Historical return variation that determines PnL for delta-hedged option positions.

Derivatives · Foundations

Term Structure of Volatility

Term Structure of Volatility — How IV varies across expiries — front vs back month regimes.

Quant · Foundations

Value at Risk

VaR is a quantile of the P&L distribution over a horizon — a number that says ‘we lose more than this only p percent of the time,’ until the tail arrives.

Mathematics · Foundations

Variance

Variance is the expected squared deviation from the mean, Var(X) = E[(X − μ)²]. It is the second moment that becomes volatility after a square root and a convention.

Derivatives · Foundations

Variance Risk Premium

Variance Risk Premium — Gap between implied and realized volatility that systematic vol sellers harvest.

Derivatives · Foundations

Variance Swap

Variance Swap — Contract paying realized variance versus strike, core institutional vol transfer instrument.

Cards · 0
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