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Results for “risk” · papers 18 · wiki 36
Academic Papers · 18arXiv q-fin live 8 · desk corpus 77
OpenAlex · Review of Financial Studies · 2009 · cites 608

Explaining Credit Default Swap Spreads with the Equity Volatility and Jump Risks of Individual Firms

This paper attempts to explain the credit default swap (CDS) premium, using a novel approach to identify the volatility and jump risks of individual firms from high-frequency equity prices. Our empirical results suggest that the volatility risk alone predicts 48% of the variation in CDS spread levels, whereas the jump risk alone forecasts 19%. After controlling for credit ratings, macroeconomic conditions, and firms'

Benjamin Yibin Zhang, Hao Zhou, Haibin Zhu
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2026

Determining Insolvency Regions in Banks: A Stochastic Dynamic Approach Integrating Liquidity and Credit Risk

We develop a continuous-time structural dynamic model to determine the exact insolvency regions of banks arising from the non-linear interaction between liquidity and credit risk. While existing literature predominantly treats these risks in isolation or via reduced-form specifications, we explicitly model the feedback loop where funding shocks and regulatory constraints force balance-sheet adjustments that can lead

Nader Karimi, Davood Ahmadian
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2019

Market Price of Trading Liquidity Risk and Market Depth

Price impact of a trade is an important element in pre-trade and post-trade analyses. We introduce a framework to analyze the market price of liquidity risk, which allows us to derive an inhomogeneous Bernoulli ordinary differential equation. We obtain two closed form solutions, one of which reproduces the linear function of the order flow in Kyle (1985) for informed traders. However, when traders are not as asymmetr

Masaaki Kijima, Christopher Ting
OpenAlex · The Journal of Finance · 2014 · cites 823

A Pyrrhic Victory? Bank Bailouts and Sovereign Credit Risk

ABSTRACT We model a loop between sovereign and bank credit risk. A distressed financial sector induces government bailouts, whose cost increases sovereign credit risk. Increased sovereign credit risk in turn weakens the financial sector by eroding the value of its government guarantees and bond holdings. Using credit default swap (CDS) rates on European sovereigns and banks, we show that bailouts triggered the rise o

Viral V. Acharya, Itamar Drechsler, Philipp Schnabl
OpenAlex · National Bureau of Economic Research · 2007 · cites 235

How Sovereign is Sovereign Credit Risk?

We study the nature of sovereign credit risk using an extensive sample of CDS spreads for 26 developed and emerging-market countries. Sovereign credit spreads are surprisingly highly correlated, with just three principal components accounting for more than 50 percent of their variation. Sovereign credit spreads are generally more related to the U.S. stock and high-yield bond markets, global risk premia, and capital f

Francis A. Longstaff, Jun Pan, Lasse Heje Pedersen, Kenneth J. Singleton
OpenAlex · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · 2016 · cites 123

Real Economic Shocks and Sovereign Credit Risk

Abstract We provide new empirical evidence that U.S. expected growth and consumption volatility are closely related to the strong comovement in sovereign spreads. We rationalize these findings in an equilibrium model with recursive utility for credit default swap (CDS) spreads. The framework links a reduced-form default process with country-specific sensitivity to expected growth and macroeconomic uncertainty. Exploi

Patrick Augustin, Roméo Tédongap
arXiv · arXiv · 2014

Option Pricing, Historical Volatility and Tail Risks

We revisit the problem of pricing options with historical volatility estimators. We do this in the context of a generalized GARCH model with multiple time scales and asymmetry. It is argued that the reason for the observed volatility risk premium is tail risk aversion. We parametrize such risk aversion in terms of three coefficients: convexity, skew and kurtosis risk premium. We propose that option prices under the r

Samuel E. Vazquez
OpenAlex · Review of Financial Studies · 2003 · cites 1012

Delta-Hedged Gains and the Negative Market Volatility Risk Premium

We investigate whether the volatility risk premium is negative by examining the statistical properties of delta-hedged option portfolios (buy the option and hedge with stock). Within a stochastic volatility framework, we demonstrate a correspondence between the sign and magnitude of the volatility risk premium and the mean delta-hedged portfolio returns. Using a sample of S&P 500 index options, we provide emp

Gurdip Bakshi, Nikunj Kapadia
OpenAlex · The Journal of Derivatives · 2003 · cites 153

Volatility Risk Premiums Embedded in Individual Equity Options

The accumulation of trading experience and empirical evidence since the original Black-Scholes (BS) model was developed, have made it increasingly evident that volatility is not a constant parameter, as BS assumed, but stochastic. With a second random factor associated with volatility affecting security returns, it would not be surprising if investors cared about bearing risk related to that factor. And there is cons

Gurdip Bakshi, Nikunj Kapadia
OpenAlex · 2002 · cites 74

Portfolio construction and risk budgeting.

CONTENTS This book aims at providing a comprehensive treatment of alternative portfolio construction techniques ranging from traditional mean variance and lower partial moments based methods over Bayesian techniques to more recent developments as portfolio resampling or stochastic programming solutions using scenario optimization. 1. Traditional Portfolio Construction: Selected Issues - Starts with a review of Markow

Bernd Scherer
OpenAlex · Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis · 2005 · cites 59

The Volatility Risk Premium Embedded in Currency Options

Abstract This study employs a non-parametric approach to investigate the volatility risk premium in the over-the-counter currency option market. Using a large database of daily delta-neutral straddle quotes in four major currencies—the British pound, the euro, the Japanese yen, and the Swiss franc—we find that volatility risk is priced in all four currencies across different option maturities. We find that the volati

Buen Sin Low, Shaojun Zhang
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

Sizing the Risk: Kelly, VIX, and Hybrid Approaches in Put-Writing on Index Options

This paper examines systematic put-writing strategies applied to S&P 500 Index options, with a focus on position sizing as a key determinant of long-term performance. Despite the well-documented volatility risk premium, where implied volatility exceeds realized volatility, the practical implementation of short-dated volatility-selling strategies remains underdeveloped in the literature. This study evaluates three pos

Maciej Wysocki
arXiv · arXiv · 2021

Realized GARCH, CBOE VIX, and the Volatility Risk Premium

We show that the Realized GARCH model yields close-form expression for both the Volatility Index (VIX) and the volatility risk premium (VRP). The Realized GARCH model is driven by two shocks, a return shock and a volatility shock, and these are natural state variables in the stochastic discount factor (SDF). The volatility shock endows the exponentially affine SDF with a compensation for volatility risk. This leads t

Peter Reinhard Hansen, Zhuo Huang, Chen Tong, Tianyi Wang
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2018

Credit Risk Meets Random Matrices: Coping with Non-Stationary Asset Correlations

We review recent progress in modeling credit risk for correlated assets. We start from the Merton model which default events and losses are derived from the asset values at maturity. To estimate the time development of the asset values, the stock prices are used whose correlations have a strong impact on the loss distribution, particularly on its tails. These correlations are non-stationary which also influences the

Andreas Mühlbacher, Thomas Guhr
arXiv · arXiv · 2015

Local risk-minimization for Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard models with volatility risk premium

We derive representations of local risk-minimization of call and put options for Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard models: jump type stochastic volatility models whose squared volatility process is given by a non-Gaussian rnstein-Uhlenbeck process. The general form of Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard models includes two parameters: volatility risk premium $β$ and leverage effect $ρ$. Arai and Suzuki (2015, arxiv:1503.0858

Takuji Arai
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2009

Analytical Framework for Credit Portfolios. Part I: Systematic Risk

Analytical, free of time consuming Monte Carlo simulations, framework for credit portfolio systematic risk metrics calculations is presented. Techniques are described that allow calculation of portfolio-level systematic risk measures (standard deviation, VaR and Expected Shortfall) as well as allocation of risk down to individual transactions. The underlying model is the industry standard multi-factor Merton-type mod

Mikhail Voropaev
arXiv · arXiv · 2023

A stochastic control perspective on term structure models with roll-over risk

In this paper, we consider a generic interest rate market in the presence of roll-over risk, which generates spreads in spot/forward term rates. We do not require classical absence of arbitrage and rely instead on a minimal market viability assumption, which enables us to work in the context of the benchmark approach. In a Markovian setting, we extend the control theoretic approach of Gombani & Runggaldier (2013) and

Claudio Fontana, Simone Pavarana, Wolfgang J. Runggaldier
arXiv · arXiv · 2021

Liquidity Stress Testing in Asset Management -- Part 3. Managing the Asset-Liability Liquidity Risk

This article is part of a comprehensive research project on liquidity risk in asset management, which can be divided into three dimensions. The first dimension covers the modeling of the liability liquidity risk (or funding liquidity), the second dimension is dedicated to the modeling of the asset liquidity risk (or market liquidity), whereas the third dimension considers the management of the asset-liability liquidi

Thierry Roncalli
Wiki Entities · 36
Emerging Markets

EMBI Sovereign Spread

EMBI sovereign spread measures the yield premium on emerging-market sovereign debt over U.S. Treasuries and serves as a key gauge of EM credit risk and external financing stress.

Liquidity

Money Market Fund Assets

Money market fund assets track the amount of cash parked in short-term low-risk vehicles, providing insight into liquidity preference, deposit substitution, and defensive positioning.

Banking

Regional Bank ETF

Regional Bank ETF performance helps track stress in smaller and mid-sized banks, especially around deposit stability, asset quality, and local credit conditions.

Banking

Bank CDS Index

Bank CDS Index tracks the cost of insuring major bank credit risk and serves as a real-time indicator of banking-system stress and confidence.

Emerging Markets

BTP-Bund Spread

BTP-Bund spread measures the yield difference between Italian and German government bonds and is a key indicator of euro-area sovereign stress and fragmentation risk.

Credit

Loan Officer Survey

The Loan Officer Survey tracks bank lending standards and loan demand, providing insight into whether credit supply is tightening or easing in the real economy.

Credit

High Yield OAS

High Yield OAS measures the spread of high-yield corporate bonds over risk-free Treasuries after adjusting for embedded options, serving as a key gauge of speculative credit stress.

Derivatives

Skew

Skew measures the relative richness of downside versus upside implied volatility, helping track hedging demand and asymmetry in market risk pricing.

Liquidity

TED Spread

TED Spread measures the difference between interbank lending rates and short-term U.S. government bill yields, historically used as a gauge of credit and funding stress.

Equity

S&P 500 Earnings Yield

S&P 500 Earnings Yield measures expected earnings relative to price and is useful for assessing valuation and comparing equities with bond yields.

Macro Policy

Financial Conditions Index

A Financial Conditions Index aggregates variables such as rates, credit spreads, equities, and the dollar to measure how supportive or restrictive the market environment is for growth and risk assets.

Equity

Equity Risk Premium

Equity Risk Premium measures the excess return investors expect from equities over risk-free assets and is a core framework for evaluating relative equity valuation.

Rates

Term Premium

Term premium is the extra compensation investors demand for holding longer-term bonds instead of rolling short-term debt, reflecting duration risk, uncertainty, and market structure.

Derivatives

VIX Index

VIX Index measures implied volatility in S&P 500 options and is widely used as a shorthand for equity market fear and risk aversion.

Credit

CDX HY Index

CDX HY Index tracks the cost of insuring a basket of North American high-yield corporate credit and serves as a sensitive gauge of credit risk appetite and stress.

Quant

Volatility Regime

Volatility Regime (Quant).

Derivatives

Move Index

The MOVE Index tracks implied volatility in the U.S. Treasury market and serves as a benchmark for rates uncertainty and macro stress.

Macro Policy

Federal Funds Rate

Federal Funds Rate — The effective overnight policy rate anchor that transmits through the entire USD funding stack and global risk appetite.

Economy

Household Savings Rate

Household Savings Rate — Aggregate saving that supports or constrains future consumption and risk asset demand.

Fixed Income

Duration Risk

Duration Risk — Interest-rate sensitivity of bond portfolios, amplified in low-yield high-duration regimes.

Fixed Income

Convexity Risk

Convexity Risk — Non-linear price response to yield changes, especially relevant in MBS and long bonds.

Fixed Income

Commercial Mortgage Delinquency

Commercial Mortgage Delinquency — Office and retail stress feeding through CRE credit and regional bank risk.

Fixed Income

Credit Default Swap Spread

Credit Default Swap Spread — Market-implied default risk premium for single names and indices.

Derivatives

Implied Volatility Surface

Implied Volatility Surface — Strike and tenor structure of implied vol, the core object for vol trading and risk.

Derivatives

Variance Risk Premium

Variance Risk Premium — Gap between implied and realized volatility that systematic vol sellers harvest.

Derivatives

Vega Exposure

Vega Exposure — Sensitivity to implied volatility changes — core risk for vol books and structured products.

Derivatives

Pin Risk

Pin Risk — Settlement risk when spot gravitates toward large open-interest strikes.

Derivatives

Risk Reversal

Risk Reversal — Call-put spread package measuring directional skew in FX and equity options.

FX

FX Implied Volatility

FX Implied Volatility — Option-implied uncertainty for currency pairs, key for hedging and risk budgeting.

Quant

Low Volatility Anomaly

Low Volatility Anomaly — Empirical outperformance of low-beta stocks, crowded in risk-off regimes.

Quant

Risk Parity Allocation

Risk Parity Allocation — Equal risk contribution across asset classes, often levered to bonds in disinflation.

Quant

Maximum Drawdown Control

Maximum Drawdown Control — Rules that de-risk after losses to preserve capital and investor mandates.

Quant

Tail Risk Hedging

Tail Risk Hedging — Explicit protection against left-tail moves via options, vol, or convex instruments.

Quant

Optimal Execution Algorithm

Optimal Execution Algorithm — Scheduling large orders to minimize impact and timing risk.

Microstructure

Securities Lending Fee

Securities Lending Fee — Cost to borrow stock for shorting — spikes signal specialness and squeeze risk.

Emerging Markets

Sovereign Default Risk

Sovereign Default Risk — Probability and recovery pricing for government debt distress.

Option Blackboard · 1
Encyclopedia · 24
Microstructure · Foundations

Adverse Selection risk-off Regime

Adverse Selection risk-off Regime (Microstructure).

Microstructure · Foundations

Adverse Selection risk-on Regime

Adverse Selection risk-on Regime (Microstructure).

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk aluminum

Ag Weather Risk aluminum — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk Brent

Ag Weather Risk Brent — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk copper

Ag Weather Risk copper — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk corn

Ag Weather Risk corn — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk gold

Ag Weather Risk gold — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk HH

Ag Weather Risk HH — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk iron ore

Ag Weather Risk iron ore — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk JKM

Ag Weather Risk JKM — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk nickel

Ag Weather Risk nickel — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk RBOB

Ag Weather Risk RBOB — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk silver

Ag Weather Risk silver — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk soy

Ag Weather Risk soy — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk TTF

Ag Weather Risk TTF — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk ULSD

Ag Weather Risk ULSD — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk wheat

Ag Weather Risk wheat — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk WTI

Ag Weather Risk WTI — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

Commodities · Foundations

Ag Weather Risk zinc

Ag Weather Risk zinc — Commodity curve, inventory, or geopolitics-linked supply concept.

AI Systems · Foundations

Agent Loop Budget risk-off Regime

Agent Loop Budget risk-off Regime (AI Systems).

AI Systems · Foundations

Agent Loop Budget risk-on Regime

Agent Loop Budget risk-on Regime (AI Systems).

Commodities · Foundations

Agricultural Weather Risk

Agricultural Weather Risk — Crop yields and prices driven by growing-season weather.

Quant · Foundations

Alpha Decay 1-day

Alpha Decay 1-day — Quantitative signal, risk, or portfolio-construction building block.

Quant · Foundations

Alpha Decay 1-month

Alpha Decay 1-month — Quantitative signal, risk, or portfolio-construction building block.

Cards · 4
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