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Results for “EU” · papers 18 · wiki 28
Academic Papers · 18arXiv q-fin live 8 · desk corpus 171
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2025

Understanding Carbon Trade Dynamics: A European Union Emissions Trading System Perspective

The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), the world's first and largest cap-and-trade carbon market, is a cornerstone of EU climate policy. This study provides a comprehensive empirical analysis of the EU carbon market's efficiency, price dynamics, and structural network from 2010 to 2020. First, we identify significant price clustering and short-term return predictability using an AR-GARCH model, achievi

Avirup Chakraborty
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2024

Review of the EU ETS Literature: A Bibliometric Perspective

This study conducts a bibliometric review of scientific literature on the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) from 2004 to 2024, using research articles from the Scopus database. Using the Bibliometrix R package, we analyze publication trends, key themes, influential authors, and prominent journals related to the EU ETS. Our results indicate a notable increase in research activity over the past two decad

Cristiano Salvagnin
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2020

Statistical inference for the EU portfolio in high dimensions

In this paper, using the shrinkage-based approach for portfolio weights and modern results from random matrix theory we construct an effective procedure for testing the efficiency of the expected utility (EU) portfolio and discuss the asymptotic behavior of the proposed test statistic under the high-dimensional asymptotic regime, namely when the number of assets $p$ increases at the same rate as the sample size $n$ s

Taras Bodnar, Solomiia Dmytriv, Yarema Okhrin, Nestor Parolya, Wolfgang Schmid
OpenAlex · Review of Financial Studies · 2015 · cites 142

The Euro Interbank Repo Market

The search for a market design that ensures stable bank funding is at the top of regulators' policy agenda. This paper empirically shows that the central counterparty (CCP)-based euro interbank repo market features this stability. Using a unique and comprehensive data set, we show that the market is resilient during crisis episodes and may even act as a shock absorber, in the sense that repo lending increases with ri

Loriano Mancini, Angelo Ranaldo, Jan Wrampelmeyer
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Neural Hidden Markov Model with Adaptive Granularity Attention for High-Frequency Order Flow Modeling

We propose a Neural Hidden Markov Model (HMM) with Adaptive Granularity Attention (AGA) for high-frequency order flow modeling. The model addresses the challenge of capturing multi-scale temporal dynamics in financial markets, where fine-grained microstructure signals and coarse-grained liquidity trends coexist. The proposed framework integrates parallel multi-resolution encoders, including a dilated convolutional ne

Tianzuo Hu
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

A Risk-Neutral Neural Operator for Arbitrage-Free SPX-VIX Term Structures

We propose ARBITER, a risk-neutral neural operator for learning joint SPX-VIX term structures under no-arbitrage constraints. ARBITER maps market states to an operator that outputs implied volatility and variance curves while enforcing static arbitrage (calendar, vertical, butterfly), Lipschitz bounds, and monotonicity. The model couples operator learning with constrained decoders and is trained with extragradient-st

Jian'an Zhang
arXiv · arXiv · 2024

Hybrid Vector Auto Regression and Neural Network Model for Order Flow Imbalance Prediction in High Frequency Trading

In high frequency trading, accurate prediction of Order Flow Imbalance (OFI) is crucial for understanding market dynamics and maintaining liquidity. This paper introduces a hybrid predictive model that combines Vector Auto Regression (VAR) with a simple feedforward neural network (FNN) to forecast OFI and assess trading intensity. The VAR component captures linear dependencies, while residuals are fed into the FNN to

Abdul Rahman, Neelesh Upadhye
arXiv · arXiv · 2021

From bid-ask credit default swap quotes to risk-neutral default probabilities using distorted expectations

Risk-neutral default probabilities can be implied from credit default swap (CDS) market quotes. In practice, mid CDS quotes are used as inputs, as their risk-neutral counterparts are not observable. We show how to imply risk-neutral default probabilities from bid and ask quotes directly by means of formulating the CDS calibration problem to bid and ask market quotes within the conic finance framework. Assuming the ri

Matteo Michielon, Asma Khedher, Peter Spreij
arXiv · arXiv · 2019

A copula based Markov Reward approach to the credit spread in European Union

In this paper, we propose a methodology based on piece-wise homogeneous Markov chain for credit ratings and a multivariate model of the credit spreads to evaluate the financial risk in European Union (EU). Two main aspects are considered: how the financial risk is distributed among the European countries and how large is the value of the total risk. The first aspect is evaluated by means of the expected value of a dy

Guglielmo D'Amico, Filippo Petroni, Philippe Regnault, Stefania Scocchera, Loriano Storchi
arXiv · arXiv · 2019

A closed formula for illiquid corporate bonds and an application to the European market

We propose an option approach for pricing bond illiquidity that is reminiscent of the celebrated work of Longstaff (1995) on the non-marketability of some non-dividend-paying shares in IPOs. This approach describes a quite common situation in the fixed income market: it is rather usual to find issuers that, besides liquid benchmark bonds, issue some other bonds that either are placed to a small number of investors in

Roberto Baviera, Aldo Nassigh, Emanuele Nastasi
arXiv · arXiv · 2016

Market Microstructure During Financial Crisis: Dynamics of Informed and Heuristic-Driven Trading

We implement a market microstructure model including informed, uninformed and heuristic-driven investors, which latter behave in line with loss-aversion and mental accounting. We show that the probability of informed trading (PIN) varies significantly during 2008. In contrast, the probability of heuristic-driven trading (PH) remains constant both before and after the collapse of Lehman Brothers. Cross-sectional analy

Mihaly Ormos, Dusan Timotity
arXiv · arXiv · 2015

The behavior of dealers and clients on the European corporate bond market: the case of Multi-Dealer-to-Client platforms

For the last two decades, most financial markets have undergone an evolution toward electronification. The market for corporate bonds is one of the last major financial markets to follow this unavoidable path. Traditionally quote-driven i.e., dealer-driven) rather than order-driven, the market for corporate bonds is still mainly dominated by voice trading, but a lot of electronic platforms have emerged. These electro

Jean-David Fermanian, Olivier Guéant, Jiang Pu
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

dexamine: A Python package for Uniswap event data on Ethereum

Decentralized exchanges record trading and liquidity provision on public blockchains, but empirical analysis requires interpreting these records and linking them to execution metadata. dexamine is a Python package that parses Uniswap v2 and v3 events on Ethereum. It converts transaction receipt logs into observations of trades and liquidity changes, with token quantities, pool state, transaction order, and gas inform

Magnus Hansson
arXiv · arXiv · 2014

A Bayesian Beta Markov Random Field Calibration of the Term Structure of Implied Risk Neutral Densities

We build on the work in Fackler and King 1990, and propose a more general calibration model for implied risk neutral densities. Our model allows for the joint calibration of a set of densities at different maturities and dates through a Bayesian dynamic Beta Markov Random Field. Our approach allows for possible time dependence between densities with the same maturity, and for dependence across maturities at the same

Roberto Casarin, Fabrizio Leisen, German Molina, Enrique ter Horst
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Wealth Taxation as a Drift Modification: A Fokker-Planck Approach to Tax Neutrality

We reformulate the neutral wealth tax framework of Froeseth (2026; arXiv:2603.05264) in the language of stochastic dynamics and statistical physics. Individual wealth under geometric Brownian motion satisfies a Langevin equation with multiplicative noise; the probability density of wealth across a population then evolves according to a Fokker-Planck equation. A proportional wealth tax at market value enters as a unif

Anders G Frøseth
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

Minimizing the Value-at-Risk of Loan Portfolio via Deep Neural Networks

Risk management is a prominent issue in peer-to-peer lending. An investor may naturally reduce his risk exposure by diversifying instead of putting all his money on one loan. In that case, an investor may want to minimize the Value-at-Risk (VaR) or Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) of his loan portfolio. We propose a low degree of freedom deep neural network model, DeNN, as well as a high degree of freedom model, DSNN

Albert Di Wang, Ye Du
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

Spiking Neural Network for Cross-Market Portfolio Optimization in Financial Markets: A Neuromorphic Computing Approach

Cross-market portfolio optimization has become increasingly complex with the globalization of financial markets and the growth of high-frequency, multi-dimensional datasets. Traditional artificial neural networks, while effective in certain portfolio management tasks, often incur substantial computational overhead and lack the temporal processing capabilities required for large-scale, multi-market data. This study in

Amarendra Mohan, Ameer Tamoor Khan, Shuai Li, Xinwei Cao, Zhibin Li
arXiv · arXiv · 2024

Attention-based Dynamic Multilayer Graph Neural Networks for Loan Default Prediction

Whereas traditional credit scoring tends to employ only individual borrower- or loan-level predictors, it has been acknowledged for some time that connections between borrowers may result in default risk propagating over a network. In this paper, we present a model for credit risk assessment leveraging a dynamic multilayer network built from a Graph Neural Network and a Recurrent Neural Network, each layer reflecting

Sahab Zandi, Kamesh Korangi, María Óskarsdóttir, Christophe Mues, Cristián Bravo
Wiki Entities · 28
AI Systems

Beam Search

Beam search is a heuristic decoder that keeps the k best partial sequences at each step instead of greedily taking only the top token — the classic seq2seq inference method.

AI Systems

Convolutional Neural Network

A CNN shares a local kernel across spatial (or temporal) positions, building translation-equivariant features. It is the inductive bias that cracked modern computer vision.

AI Systems

Graph Neural Network

A GNN updates each node from its neighbors. Message passing lets the model use relational structure — markets, molecules, citation graphs — instead of forcing a grid.

AI Systems

Neural Network

A neural network is a layered function approximator: units compute a weighted sum, apply a nonlinearity, and pass the result forward so the whole stack can learn a mapping from inputs to outputs.

AI Systems

Perceptron

The perceptron is the original trainable linear classifier: a weighted sum plus a threshold. It is the atom of neural nets, and it cannot learn XOR without a hidden layer.

AI Systems

Recurrent Neural Network

An RNN applies the same transition to a sequence, threading a hidden state through time: h_t = f(h_{t−1}, x_t). Plain RNNs struggle to learn long dependencies.

AI Systems

Word Embedding

A word embedding is a dense vector for a token such that geometry (distance, direction) reflects distributional meaning. It is the input layer of almost every neural NLP model.

Credit

Probability of Default

PD is the probability a name defaults over a horizon — real-world for books, risk-neutral for CDS.

CTA

CTA Relative Value / Spread Trading

Market-neutral futures spreads — calendar, inter-commodity, or intra-curve — a CTA that tries not to own outright direction.

CTA

Intra-Curve Fixed-Income CTA

Steepeners, flatteners, and butterflies on the bond/STIR strip — duration-neutral-ish curve trades as a CTA RV sleeve.

CTA

STIR CTA

Short-term interest-rate futures — SOFR, SONIA, Euribor strips — a specialist language of meeting-to-meeting path trades and pack/bundle spreads.

Derivatives

Black-Scholes Model

Black-Scholes is the European option formula under lognormal spot, constant vol, and continuous hedging — a quoting convention more than a belief about the world.

Derivatives

Put-Call Parity

Put-call parity is the no-arbitrage link C − P = F − K (discounted) — a European call and put with the same K and T are one instrument plus cash.

Economics

Taylor Rule

The Taylor rule is a simple policy reaction: set the policy rate to a neutral real rate plus inflation, then add weights on the inflation gap and the output gap.

Emerging Markets

BTP-Bund Spread

BTP-Bund spread measures the yield difference between Italian and German government bonds and is a key indicator of euro-area sovereign stress and fragmentation risk.

Emerging Markets

Europe Periphery Spreads

Europe Periphery Spreads — BTP-Bund and similar spreads as euro-area fragmentation gauges.

Financial Crises

Cyprus Crisis 2013

Cyprus 2013 combined a Greek-PSI hole in bank assets with a huge banking system versus GDP and ended in bail-in, capital controls, and a depositor haircut above insurance — a euro-area first.

Financial Crises

European Sovereign Debt Crisis 2010

The euro-area sovereign crisis (2010–12) was a doom loop of weak banks and weak sovereigns inside a currency union without a joint fiscal or a trusted LOLR — until OMT and ‘whatever it takes.’

Financial Crises

Swiss Franc Shock 2015

On 15 January 2015 the SNB abandoned the 1.20 EUR/CHF floor in minutes — a peg break that wiped FX brokers and carry books that had treated the floor as a free option.

Liquidity

ECB Balance Sheet

The ECB balance sheet reflects the scale of European Central Bank asset holdings and helps track euro-area liquidity, policy transmission, and duration absorption.

Liquidity

TED Spread

TED Spread measures the difference between interbank lending rates and short-term U.S. government bill yields, historically used as a gauge of credit and funding stress.

Macro Policy

Neutral Rate Estimate

Neutral Rate Estimate — Estimates of the equilibrium real policy rate that separates restrictive from accommodative stance.

Mathematics

Risk-Neutral Measure

A risk-neutral (equivalent martingale) measure is a probability reweighting that makes discounted asset prices martingales — prices are then discounted expected payoffs under that measure, not under the real-world P.

Microstructure

Limit Order Book

A limit order book is the visible (and sometimes hidden) queue of bids and offers at discrete prices that constitutes the tradable supply and demand of a continuous electronic market.

Quant

Statistical Arbitrage

Statistical Arbitrage — Short-horizon RV on co-moving securities using factor neutralization.

Rates

Eurodollar Futures Legacy

Eurodollar Futures Legacy — Legacy CME short-rate futures still relevant for curve history.

Strategies

Betting Against Beta in Stocks

Long leveraged low-beta stocks and short high-beta stocks so the book is roughly market-neutral — BAB, not raw low-vol.

Strategies

Defensive Asset Allocation

Keller–Keuning DAA: a canary universe that de-risks the risky sleeve when breadth/momentum in the canaries fails.

Option Blackboard · 1
Encyclopedia · 24
AI Systems · Foundations

Beam Search

Beam search is a heuristic decoder that keeps the k best partial sequences at each step instead of greedily taking only the top token — the classic seq2seq inference method.

Strategies · Foundations

Betting Against Beta in Stocks

Long leveraged low-beta stocks and short high-beta stocks so the book is roughly market-neutral — BAB, not raw low-vol.

Derivatives · Foundations

Black-Scholes Model

Black-Scholes is the European option formula under lognormal spot, constant vol, and continuous hedging — a quoting convention more than a belief about the world.

Emerging Markets · Foundations

BTP-Bund Spread

BTP-Bund spread measures the yield difference between Italian and German government bonds and is a key indicator of euro-area sovereign stress and fragmentation risk.

AI Systems · Foundations

Convolutional Neural Network

A CNN shares a local kernel across spatial (or temporal) positions, building translation-equivariant features. It is the inductive bias that cracked modern computer vision.

CTA · Foundations

CTA Relative Value / Spread Trading

Market-neutral futures spreads — calendar, inter-commodity, or intra-curve — a CTA that tries not to own outright direction.

Financial Crises · Foundations

Cyprus Crisis 2013

Cyprus 2013 combined a Greek-PSI hole in bank assets with a huge banking system versus GDP and ended in bail-in, capital controls, and a depositor haircut above insurance — a euro-area first.

Strategies · Foundations

Defensive Asset Allocation

Keller–Keuning DAA: a canary universe that de-risks the risky sleeve when breadth/momentum in the canaries fails.

Liquidity · Foundations

ECB Balance Sheet

The ECB balance sheet reflects the scale of European Central Bank asset holdings and helps track euro-area liquidity, policy transmission, and duration absorption.

Rates · Foundations

Eurodollar Futures Legacy

Eurodollar Futures Legacy — Legacy CME short-rate futures still relevant for curve history.

Emerging Markets · Foundations

Europe Periphery Spreads

Europe Periphery Spreads — BTP-Bund and similar spreads as euro-area fragmentation gauges.

Financial Crises · Foundations

European Sovereign Debt Crisis 2010

The euro-area sovereign crisis (2010–12) was a doom loop of weak banks and weak sovereigns inside a currency union without a joint fiscal or a trusted LOLR — until OMT and ‘whatever it takes.’

AI Systems · Foundations

Graph Neural Network

A GNN updates each node from its neighbors. Message passing lets the model use relational structure — markets, molecules, citation graphs — instead of forcing a grid.

CTA · Foundations

Intra-Curve Fixed-Income CTA

Steepeners, flatteners, and butterflies on the bond/STIR strip — duration-neutral-ish curve trades as a CTA RV sleeve.

Microstructure · Foundations

Limit Order Book

A limit order book is the visible (and sometimes hidden) queue of bids and offers at discrete prices that constitutes the tradable supply and demand of a continuous electronic market.

AI Systems · Foundations

Neural Network

A neural network is a layered function approximator: units compute a weighted sum, apply a nonlinearity, and pass the result forward so the whole stack can learn a mapping from inputs to outputs.

Macro Policy · Foundations

Neutral Rate Estimate

Neutral Rate Estimate — Estimates of the equilibrium real policy rate that separates restrictive from accommodative stance.

AI Systems · Foundations

Perceptron

The perceptron is the original trainable linear classifier: a weighted sum plus a threshold. It is the atom of neural nets, and it cannot learn XOR without a hidden layer.

Credit · Foundations

Probability of Default

PD is the probability a name defaults over a horizon — real-world for books, risk-neutral for CDS.

Derivatives · Foundations

Put-Call Parity

Put-call parity is the no-arbitrage link C − P = F − K (discounted) — a European call and put with the same K and T are one instrument plus cash.

AI Systems · Foundations

Recurrent Neural Network

An RNN applies the same transition to a sequence, threading a hidden state through time: h_t = f(h_{t−1}, x_t). Plain RNNs struggle to learn long dependencies.

Mathematics · Foundations

Risk-Neutral Measure

A risk-neutral (equivalent martingale) measure is a probability reweighting that makes discounted asset prices martingales — prices are then discounted expected payoffs under that measure, not under the real-world P.

Quant · Foundations

Statistical Arbitrage

Statistical Arbitrage — Short-horizon RV on co-moving securities using factor neutralization.

CTA · Foundations

STIR CTA

Short-term interest-rate futures — SOFR, SONIA, Euribor strips — a specialist language of meeting-to-meeting path trades and pack/bundle spreads.

Cards · 1
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