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Results for “MM” · papers 18 · wiki 36
Academic Papers · 18arXiv q-fin live 8 · desk corpus 152
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2023

IMM: An Imitative Reinforcement Learning Approach with Predictive Representation Learning for Automatic Market Making

Market making (MM) has attracted significant attention in financial trading owing to its essential function in ensuring market liquidity. With strong capabilities in sequential decision-making, Reinforcement Learning (RL) technology has achieved remarkable success in quantitative trading. Nonetheless, most existing RL-based MM methods focus on optimizing single-price level strategies which fail at frequent order canc

Hui Niu, Siyuan Li, Jiahao Zheng, Zhouchi Lin, Jian Li
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Optimal Block Time for AMM Liquidity Providers under Jump-Diffusion Prices

Loss-versus-Rebalancing (LVR) is the dominant adverse-selection cost borne by liquidity providers on automated market makers. Under geometric Brownian motion, arbitrage profit scales with the probability of a profitable block, which vanishes as the block time $Δt \to 0$; this is the standing argument for ever-shorter blocks. Modeling the reference price instead as a jump-diffusion, I show that the constant-product LV

Nils Bundi
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2025

MM-ARC: Multimodal Adaptive Routing of Capital with Robustness-Audited Strategy Pools

Financial trading systems must convert multimodal market history into executable positions while limiting overfitting from repeated strategy search. We introduce MM-ARC (MultiModal Adaptive Routing of Capital), which routes capital across trend, reversal, breakout, and exposure-control experts using aligned chart, numerical, and technical-text views. Within each market, regime-conditioned strategy pools are shared wi

Yang Chen, Yuchen Cao, Jacky Keung, Leilei Gan, Kun Kuang
OpenAlex · Review of Financial Studies · 2022 · cites 55

Commonality in Credit Spread Changes: Dealer Inventory and Intermediary Distress

Abstract Two intermediary-based factors—a corporate bond dealer inventory measure and a broad intermediary distress measure—explain more than 40$\%$ of the puzzling common variation in credit spread changes beyond canonical structural factors. A simple intermediary-based model with partial market segmentation accounts for intermediary factors’ explanatory power and delivers three further implications with empirical s

Zhiguo He, Paymon Khorrami, Zhaogang Song
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

Formal State-Machine Models for Uniswap v3 Concentrated-Liquidity AMMs: Priced Timed Automata, Finite-State Transducers, and Provable Rounding Bounds

Concentrated-liquidity automated market makers (CLAMMs), as exemplified by Uniswap v3, are now a common primitive in decentralized finance frameworks. Their design combines continuous trading on constant-function curves with discrete tick boundaries at which liquidity positions change and rounding effects accumulate. While there is a body of economic and game-theoretic analysis of CLAMMs, there is negligible work tha

Julius Tranquilli, Naman Gupta
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

Dynamic Liquidity Provision in Decentralized Markets: Strategy Optimization and Performance Evaluation in Concentrated Liquidity AMMs

Concentrated Liquidity Market Makers (CLMMs) represent a fundamental innovation in market microstructure, transforming liquidity provision from passive portfolio allocation to active risk management. This evolution creates significant challenges for performance evaluation and strategy optimization, particularly due to the absence of comprehensive historical liquidity data. We address these challenges through a novel

Andrey Urusov, Rostislav Berezovskiy, Anatoly Krestenko, Andrei Kornilov, Yury Yanovich
arXiv · arXiv · 2023

dYdX: Liquidity Providers' Incentive Programme Review

Liquidity providers are currently incentivised to provide liquidity through the LP Incentives Programme on dYdX. Based on the various parameters - makerVolume, depths and spreads, they are rewarded accordingly based on their activities. Given the maturity of the BTC and ETH markets, alongside other altcoins which enjoy a consistent amount of liquidity, this paper aims to update the formula to encourage more active an

Colin Chan
arXiv · arXiv · 2019

Application of Principal Component Analysis in Chinese Sovereign Bond Market and Principal Component-Based Fixed Income Immunization

This paper analyses the Chinese Sovereign bond yield to find out the principal factors affecting the term structure of interest rate changes. We apply Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on our data consisting of the Chinese Sovereign bond from January 2002 till May 2018 with the different yield to maturity. Then we will discuss the multi-factor immunization model (method on hedging market risk) on a bond portfolio.

Lim Tze Yee, Tony She, Kezia Irene
arXiv · arXiv · 2014

Liquidity commonality does not imply liquidity resilience commonality: A functional characterisation for ultra-high frequency cross-sectional LOB data

We present a large-scale study of commonality in liquidity and resilience across assets in an ultra high-frequency (millisecond-timestamped) Limit Order Book (LOB) dataset from a pan-European electronic equity trading facility. We first show that extant work in quantifying liquidity commonality through the degree of explanatory power of the dominant modes of variation of liquidity (extracted through Principal Compone

Efstathios Panayi, Gareth Peters, Ioannis Kosmidis
arXiv · arXiv · 2024

Multi-Factor Function-on-Function Regression of Bond Yields on WTI Commodity Futures Term Structure Dynamics

In the analysis of commodity futures, it is commonly assumed that futures prices are driven by two latent factors: short-term fluctuations and long-term equilibrium price levels. In this study, we extend this framework by introducing a novel state-space functional regression model that incorporates yield curve dynamics. Our model offers a distinct advantage in capturing the interdependencies between commodity futures

Peilun He, Gareth W. Peters, Nino Kordzakhia, Pavel V. Shevchenko
OpenAlex · The Journal of Alternative Investments · 1998 · cites 48

Spot Returns, Roll Yield, and Diversification with Commodity Futures

MARK J. P. ANSON is affiliated with OppenheimerFunds, Inc., in New York. R ecent academic and practitioner Ž research Schneeweis 1996 ; . Schneeweis and Spurgin 1998 has emphasized the diversification benefits of a wide range of alternative investments including managed futures products as well as hedge funds. Many of these alternative investment products are based on active management strategies that often concentra

Mark J. P. Anson
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Multi-Currency AMMs for Decentralized FOREX Markets: Feasibility & Optimal Design

Most currency pairs lack a direct liquid market, so international foreign exchange relies on routing transactions through a dominant vehicle currency. Multi-currency automated market makers (AMMs) offer an alternative by sharing liquidity across many currency pairs, facilitating direct cross-currency trade while exploiting liquidity consolidation. This paper studies a multi-currency pool design that minimizes trading

Reina Ke Xin Li, Andreas Park, Andreas Veneris, Srisht Fateh Singh
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

The Engineering of Skew: A Path-Dependent Framework for Asymmetric Volatility Management

Volatility is the language in which finance often describes risk, but it is not the language in which institutions experience risk. Allocators live through drawdowns, liquidity needs, spending rules, rebalance decisions, board oversight, and the interval between a prior high-water mark and full recovery. This paper develops a path-dependent framework for asymmetric volatility management. The arithmetic of recovery is

Gregory A. Fanous
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Machine Learning Forecasts of Asymmetric Betas Using Firm-Specific Information

We demonstrate that machine learning methods provide a powerful framework for modelling conditional asymmetric risk. Using a large cross-section of US stocks and a comprehensive set of firm characteristics, we show that allowing for nonlinearities significantly increases the out-of-sample performance across a wide range of asymmetric beta measures and forecasting horizons. Trading frictions, followed by characteristi

Thomas Conlon, John Cotter, Iason Kynigakis
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Rough volatility dynamics in commodity markets

In this paper, we develop a general rough volatility model for commodities that provides an automatic calibration of the initial term structure of the futures prices and an appropriate treatment of the Samuelson effect. After the theoretical analysis of this general model, we focus on the rBergomi and rHeston models and their calibration to market data of vanilla futures options on WTI Crude Oil. Finally, numerical r

Roberto Daluiso, Héctor Folgar-Cameán, Andrea Pallavicini, Carlos Vázquez
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

Market-Dependent Communication in Multi-Agent Alpha Generation

Multi-strategy hedge funds face a fundamental organizational choice: should analysts generating trading strategies communicate, and if so, how? We investigate this using 5-agent LLM-based trading systems across 450 experiments spanning 21 months, comparing five organizational structures from isolated baseline to collaborative and competitive conversation. We show that communication improves performance, but optimal c

Jerick Shi, Burton Hollifield
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

A Midsummer Meme's Dream: Investigating Market Manipulations in the Meme Coin Ecosystem

From viral jokes to a billion-dollar phenomenon, meme coins have become one of the most popular segments in cryptocurrency markets. Unlike utility-focused crypto assets like Bitcoin, meme coins derive value primarily from community sentiment, making them vulnerable to manipulation. This study presents an unprecedented cross-chain analysis of the meme coin ecosystem, examining 34,988 tokens across Ethereum, BNB Smart

Alberto Maria Mongardini, Alessandro Mei
arXiv · arXiv · 2024

Uncertain Regulations, Definite Impacts: The Impact of the US Securities and Exchange Commission's Regulatory Interventions on Crypto Assets

This study employs an event study methodology to investigate the market impact of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) classification of crypto assets as securities. It explores how SEC interventions influence asset returns and trading volumes, focusing on explicitly named crypto assets. The empirical analysis highlights significant adverse market reactions, notably returns plummeting 12% over one week

Aman Saggu, Lennart Ante, Kaja Kopiec
Wiki Entities · 36
Commodities

Backwardation

Backwardation is a futures curve that falls with tenor — nearby richer than deferred, usually a tightness / convenience-yield story.

Commodities

Baltic Dry Index

Baltic Dry Index tracks shipping rates for dry bulk commodities and offers a real-economy signal on trade flows, freight conditions, and industrial demand.

Commodities

Commodity Carry

Commodity Carry — Return from rolling futures along the curve — core systematic commodity strategy.

Commodities

Commodity Inventory Financing

Commodity Inventory Financing — Repo-like financing of physical stocks linking curve to rates.

Commodities

Contango

Contango is a futures curve that rises with tenor — deferred contracts richer than nearby, often a storage and rate story.

Commodities

Copper Price

Copper price is widely used as a proxy for industrial activity, manufacturing demand, and global growth expectations.

Commodities

Crude Oil Contango

Crude Oil Contango — Upward-sloping futures curve implying storage economics and weak spot demand.

Commodities

Gold Price

Gold price reflects demand for a non-yielding reserve asset and is often used as a signal for real yields, macro uncertainty, and confidence in fiat systems.

Commodities

Gold Real Yields Correlation

Gold Real Yields Correlation — Gold as non-yielding asset inversely sensitive to real rates and USD.

Commodities

Natural Gas Storage

Natural Gas Storage — Inventory levels driving seasonal price spikes and energy inflation.

Crypto

Crypto Market Maker Inventory

Crypto Market Maker Inventory — Dealer inventory and hedge needs shaping crypto microstructure.

CTA

Commodity Trading Advisor

A CTA is a manager — often CFTC/NFA registered — that runs client money in futures and options on futures, long and short, across rates, FX, equities, and commodities.

CTA

CTA Calendar-Spread Sleeve

Trade nearby versus deferred on the same curve — a pure term-structure book, the smallest-beta cousin of commodity RV.

CTA

CTA Commodity Carry Sleeve

Inside a managed-futures book, overweight backwardated contracts and underweight contango — roll yield as a second family next to price trend.

CTA

CTA Correlation-Adjusted Sizing

Shrink size when markets are moving together so that ‘20 commodities’ are not one energy-risk factor wearing 20 tickers.

CTA

CTA Futures Roll and Contract Selection

Which expiry you hold and when you roll is a first-class P&L — not an operations footnote — especially in commodities and VIX.

CTA

CTA Long/Short Symmetry

Whether the program treats shorts with the same rules and risk as longs — the difference between a two-way CTA and a long-biased TAA in a futures wrapper.

CTA

CTA Managed Account

Client money in a futures account the CTA trades by POA — transparency, better liquidation, and operational work versus a commingled fund.

CTA

CTA Options Strategy

Express views with listed options on futures — defined-risk directional, calendars, or vol — still a CTA if the underlying is a commodity interest.

CTA

CTA Relative Value / Spread Trading

Market-neutral futures spreads — calendar, inter-commodity, or intra-curve — a CTA that tries not to own outright direction.

CTA

Diversified CTA

A program that risks money across the four big futures groups — equity indices, bonds/STIR, FX, and commodities — rather than a single pit.

CTA

Inter-Commodity Spread CTA

Long one commodity, short a related one — WTI/Brent, gold/silver, corn/wheat, gas/power — a relative-value family across complexes.

Derivatives

Dealer Gamma Positioning

Dealer gamma positioning describes whether option dealers are structurally long or short gamma, shaping how hedging flows amplify or dampen market moves.

Derivatives

Gamma

Gamma is the sensitivity of delta to the underlying — how fast the hedge ratio moves, and who is chasing whom.

Derivatives

Gamma Hedging

Gamma Hedging — Delta adjustments by dealers that can accelerate trends or pin prices near strikes.

Derivatives

Options Open Interest

Options Open Interest — Outstanding contracts revealing crowd positioning and potential gamma walls.

Derivatives

Skew

Skew measures the relative richness of downside versus upside implied volatility, helping track hedging demand and asymmetry in market risk pricing.

Desk Slang

Gamma Squeeze

A gamma squeeze is a price spiral where dealer hedging of short call (or put) gamma forces them to buy rallies and sell dips, amplifying the move that created the gamma.

Desk Slang

Lift the Offer

To lift the offer is to buy the posted ask — aggressive demand that pays the spread for immediacy.

Economics

Dutch Disease

Dutch disease is the squeeze on tradable non-resource sectors when a resource boom or capital inflow appreciates the real exchange rate and pulls factors into the booming sector.

Economics

Impossible Trinity

The impossible trinity (trilemma) says a country cannot simultaneously have a fixed exchange rate, free capital mobility, and an independent monetary policy — it must drop one.

Economics

Time Inconsistency

Time inconsistency is when a plan that is optimal to announce today is not optimal to carry out tomorrow, so promises without commitment are not believed.

Economics

Tragedy of the Commons

The tragedy of the commons is overuse of a rival, non-excludable resource because each user internalizes the benefit and shares the depletion cost.

Economics

Triffin Dilemma

The Triffin dilemma is the conflict of a reserve-currency issuer: the world needs the issuer to run liabilities (deficits) for reserve supply, but those deficits eventually undermine confidence in the reserve asset.

Economy

China Credit Impulse

China credit impulse measures the change in new credit growth relative to GDP and is widely used as a leading indicator for Chinese demand and global cyclical momentum.

Economy

CPI Shelter Component

CPI Shelter Component — The largest CPI bucket, lagged versus spot rents, creating policy communication traps.

Option Blackboard · 2
Encyclopedia · 24
Commodities · Foundations

Backwardation

Backwardation is a futures curve that falls with tenor — nearby richer than deferred, usually a tightness / convenience-yield story.

Commodities · Foundations

Baltic Dry Index

Baltic Dry Index tracks shipping rates for dry bulk commodities and offers a real-economy signal on trade flows, freight conditions, and industrial demand.

Emerging Markets · Foundations

China Property Cycle

China Property Cycle — Developer stress and land sales impacting global commodities and EM growth.

Fixed Income · Foundations

Commercial Mortgage Delinquency

Commercial Mortgage Delinquency — Office and retail stress feeding through CRE credit and regional bank risk.

Liquidity · Foundations

Commercial Paper Spread

Commercial paper spreads track the cost of short-term corporate borrowing relative to safer benchmarks and help identify stress in corporate funding markets.

Commodities · Foundations

Commodity Carry

Commodity Carry — Return from rolling futures along the curve — core systematic commodity strategy.

Strategies · Foundations

Commodity Crack / Calendar Spread

Trade refined-product minus crude (crack) or nearby-versus-deferred calendars — commodity relative value, not a directional oil call.

Commodities · Foundations

Commodity Inventory Financing

Commodity Inventory Financing — Repo-like financing of physical stocks linking curve to rates.

CTA · Foundations

Commodity Trading Advisor

A CTA is a manager — often CFTC/NFA registered — that runs client money in futures and options on futures, long and short, across rates, FX, equities, and commodities.

Commodities · Foundations

Contango

Contango is a futures curve that rises with tenor — deferred contracts richer than nearby, often a storage and rate story.

Commodities · Foundations

Copper Price

Copper price is widely used as a proxy for industrial activity, manufacturing demand, and global growth expectations.

Economy · Foundations

CPI Shelter Component

CPI Shelter Component — The largest CPI bucket, lagged versus spot rents, creating policy communication traps.

Financial Crises · Foundations

Credit Suisse / AT1 2023

Credit Suisse’s March 2023 state-brokered sale to UBS wrote AT1s to zero while common equity kept residual value — a hierarchy shock that repriced the entire AT1 market.

Commodities · Foundations

Crude Oil Contango

Crude Oil Contango — Upward-sloping futures curve implying storage economics and weak spot demand.

CTA · Foundations

CTA Calendar-Spread Sleeve

Trade nearby versus deferred on the same curve — a pure term-structure book, the smallest-beta cousin of commodity RV.

CTA · Foundations

CTA Commodity Carry Sleeve

Inside a managed-futures book, overweight backwardated contracts and underweight contango — roll yield as a second family next to price trend.

CTA · Foundations

CTA Correlation-Adjusted Sizing

Shrink size when markets are moving together so that ‘20 commodities’ are not one energy-risk factor wearing 20 tickers.

CTA · Foundations

CTA Futures Roll and Contract Selection

Which expiry you hold and when you roll is a first-class P&L — not an operations footnote — especially in commodities and VIX.

CTA · Foundations

CTA Long/Short Symmetry

Whether the program treats shorts with the same rules and risk as longs — the difference between a two-way CTA and a long-biased TAA in a futures wrapper.

CTA · Foundations

CTA Managed Account

Client money in a futures account the CTA trades by POA — transparency, better liquidation, and operational work versus a commingled fund.

CTA · Foundations

CTA Options Strategy

Express views with listed options on futures — defined-risk directional, calendars, or vol — still a CTA if the underlying is a commodity interest.

CTA · Foundations

CTA Relative Value / Spread Trading

Market-neutral futures spreads — calendar, inter-commodity, or intra-curve — a CTA that tries not to own outright direction.

Derivatives · Foundations

Dealer Gamma Positioning

Dealer gamma positioning describes whether option dealers are structurally long or short gamma, shaping how hedging flows amplify or dampen market moves.

Quant · Foundations

Diversification

Diversification is reducing idiosyncratic variance by combining imperfectly correlated risks — it does not cancel a common factor.

Cards · 2
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