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Results for “Wei” · papers 18 · wiki 32
Academic Papers · 18arXiv q-fin live 0 · desk corpus 90
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

The Signal Credibility Index for Prediction Markets: A Microstructure-Grounded Diagnostic with Weighted and Time-Varying Extensions

Prediction-market price moves are widely treated as informationally equivalent: a price jump is read the same way regardless of whether it reflects durable Bayesian updating, transient liquidity pressure, strategic position adjustment, or genuine disagreement. This paper formalizes the Signal Credibility Index (SCI) introduced in Nechepurenko (2026) as a stand-alone diagnostic. We make four contributions: (i) a revis

Maksym Nechepurenko
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Stablecoin Design with Adversarial-Robust Multi-Agent Systems via Trust-Weighted Signal Aggregation

Algorithmic stablecoins promise decentralized monetary stability by maintaining a target peg through programmatic reserve management. Yet, their reserve controllers remain vulnerable to regime-blind optimization, calibrating risk parameters on fair-weather data while ignoring tail events that precipitate cascading failures. The March 2020 Black Thursday collapse, wherein MakerDAO's collateral auctions yielded $8.3M i

Shengwei You, Aditya Joshi, Andrey Kuehlkamp, Jarek Nabrzyski
arXiv · arXiv · 2023

Portfolio Time Consistency and Utility Weighted Discount Rates

Merton portfolio management problem is studied in this paper within a stochastic volatility, non constant time discount rate, and power utility framework. This problem is time inconsistent and the way out of this predicament is to consider the subgame perfect strategies. The later are characterized through an extended Hamilton Jacobi Bellman (HJB) equation. A fixed point iteration is employed to solve the extended HJ

Oumar Mbodji, Traian A. Pirvu
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

The Gini-Bayes Connection: The CAP Slope as Bayes' Theorem, with Applications to Weight of Evidence, Somers' $D$, and Calibration

The probabilistic reading of the cumulative accuracy profile (CAP) has a long industry lineage. Falkenstein, Boral and Carty (2000) state, in discrete form, that the default rate at a score percentile equals the portfolio average rate times the local slope of the power curve; van der Burgt (2008, 2019) formalizes this as the continuous identity $p(D\mid x) = p_D\, dy/dx$ and imports the continuous form as a working f

Denis Burakov
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Distributional Portfolio Optimization (DPO): A Unified Framework for Distributions over Weights, Returns, and Parameters

Classical portfolio optimization treats expected returns, covariances, and allocations as deterministic. Modern practice replaces at least one by a distribution: a posterior over parameters, a law of future returns, a stochastic allocation policy, or a distributional-robustness set. We call distributional portfolio optimization (DPO) the unified framework in which weights, returns, and parameters are all modeled as p

Miquel Noguer i Alonso
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Spectral Portfolio Theory: From SGD Weight Matrices to Wealth Dynamics

We develop spectral portfolio theory by establishing a direct identification: neural network weight matrices trained on stochastic processes are portfolio allocation matrices, and their spectral structure encodes factor decompositions and wealth concentration patterns. The three forces governing stochastic gradient descent (SGD) - gradient signal, dimensional regularisation, and eigenvalue repulsion - translate direc

Anders G Frøseth
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Riemannian Geometry of Optimal Rebalancing in Dynamic Weight Automated Market Makers

We show that when a dynamic-weight AMM rebalances by creating arbitrage opportunities, the per-step log loss is the KL divergence between successive weight vectors. The Fisher-Rao metric is therefore the natural Riemannian metric on the weight simplex. The loss-minimising interpolation under the leading-order expansion of this KL cost is SLERP (Spherical Linear Interpolation) in the Hellinger coordinates $η_i = \sqrt

Matthew Willetts
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Pools as Portfolios: Observed arbitrage efficiency & LVR analysis of dynamic weight AMMs

Dynamic-weight AMMs (aka Temporal Function Market Makers, TFMMs) implement algorithmic asset allocation, analogous to index or smart beta funds, by continuously updating pools' weights. A strategy updates target weights over time, and arbitrageurs trade the pool back toward those weights. This creates a sequence of small, predictable mispricings that grow until taken, effectively executing rebalances as a series of D

Matthew Willetts, Christian Harrington
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Utility-Weighted Forecasting and Calibration for Risk-Adjusted Decisions under Trading Frictions

Forecasting accuracy is routinely optimised in financial prediction tasks even though investment and risk-management decisions are executed under transaction costs, market impact, capacity limits, and binding risk constraints. This paper treats forecasting as an econometric input to a constrained decision problem. A predictive distribution induces a decision rule through a utility objective combined with an explicit

Craig S Wright
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

Selection Confidence Sets for Equally Weighted Portfolios

Given a universe of N assets, investors often form equally weighted portfolios (EWPs) by selecting subsets of assets. EWPs are simple, robust, and competitive out-of-sample, yet the uncertainty about which subset truly performs best is largely ignored. Traditional approaches typically rely on a single selected portfolio, but this fails to consider alternative investment strategies that may perform just as well when a

Davide Ferrari, Alessandro Fulci, Sandra Paterlini
arXiv · arXiv · 2024

Exponentially Weighted Moving Models

An exponentially weighted moving model (EWMM) for a vector time series fits a new data model each time period, based on an exponentially fading loss function on past observed data. The well known and widely used exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) is a special case that estimates the mean using a square loss function. For quadratic loss functions EWMMs can be fit using a simple recursion that updates the par

Eric Luxenberg, Stephen Boyd
arXiv · arXiv · 2023

Performance Evaluation of Equal-Weight Portfolio and Optimum Risk Portfolio on Indian Stocks

Designing an optimum portfolio for allocating suitable weights to its constituent assets so that the return and risk associated with the portfolio are optimized is a computationally hard problem. The seminal work of Markowitz that attempted to solve the problem by estimating the future returns of the stocks is found to perform sub-optimally on real-world stock market data. This is because the estimation task becomes

Abhiraj Sen, Jaydip Sen
arXiv · arXiv · 2023

Optimizing Investment Strategies with Lazy Factor and Probability Weighting: A Price Portfolio Forecasting and Mean-Variance Model with Transaction Costs Approach

Market traders often engage in the frequent transaction of volatile assets to optimize their total return. In this study, we introduce a novel investment strategy model, anchored on the 'lazy factor.' Our approach bifurcates into a Price Portfolio Forecasting Model and a Mean-Variance Model with Transaction Costs, utilizing probability weights as the coefficients of laziness factors. The Price Portfolio Forecasting M

Shuo Han, Yinan Chen, Jiacheng Liu
arXiv · arXiv · 2022

Deep Weighted Monte Carlo: A hybrid option pricing framework using neural networks

Recent studies have demonstrated the efficiency of Variational Autoencoders (VAE) to compress high-dimensional implied volatility surfaces into a low dimensional representation. Although this method can be effectively used for pricing vanilla options, it does not provide any explicit information about the dynamics of the underlying asset. In our work we present an effective way to overcome this problem. We use a Weig

Sándor Kunsági-Máté, Gábor Fáth, István Csabai, Gábor Molnár-Sáska
arXiv · arXiv · 2020

Censored EM algorithm for Weibull mixtures: application to arrival times of market orders

In a previous analysis the problem of "zero-inflated" time data (caused by high frequency trading in the electronic order book) was handled by left-truncating the inter-arrival times. We demonstrated, using rigorous statistical methods, that the Weibull distribution describes the corresponding stochastic dynamics for all inter-arrival time differences except in the region near zero. However, since the truncated Weibu

Markus Kreer, Ayse Kizilersu, Anthony W. Thomas
arXiv · arXiv · 2020

Permutation-Weighted Portfolios and the Efficiency of Commodity Futures Markets

A market portfolio is a portfolio in which each asset is held at a weight proportional to its market value. Functionally generated portfolios are portfolios for which the logarithmic return relative to the market portfolio can be decomposed into a function of the market weights and a process of locally finite variation, and this decomposition is convenient for characterizing the long-term behavior of the portfolio. A

Ricardo T. Fernholz, Robert Fernholz
arXiv · arXiv · 2015

Diversity-Weighted Portfolios with Negative Parameter

We analyze a negative-parameter variant of the diversity-weighted portfolio studied by Fernholz, Karatzas, and Kardaras (Finance Stoch 9(1):1-27, 2005), which invests in each company a fraction of wealth inversely proportional to the company's market weight (the ratio of its capitalization to that of the entire market). We show that this strategy outperforms the market with probability one, under a non-degeneracy ass

Alexander Vervuurt, Ioannis Karatzas
arXiv · arXiv · 2015

Weighted Elastic Net Penalized Mean-Variance Portfolio Design and Computation

It is well known that the out-of-sample performance of Markowitz's mean-variance portfolio criterion can be negatively affected by estimation errors in the mean and covariance. In this paper we address the problem by regularizing the mean-variance objective function with a weighted elastic net penalty. We show that the use of this penalty can be motivated by a robust reformulation of the mean-variance criterion that

Michael Ho, Zheng Sun, Jack Xin
Wiki Entities · 32
AI Systems

Attention Mechanism

Attention builds a weighted average of values, with weights from a compatibility function of queries and keys. It lets a model focus on relevant parts of a context instead of a single fixed vector.

AI Systems

Backpropagation

Backpropagation computes gradients of a scalar loss with respect to every weight by applying the chain rule backwards through the computational graph.

AI Systems

Chain of Thought

Chain-of-thought prompting asks the model to emit intermediate reasoning steps before the answer, which reliably lifts arithmetic, symbolic, and multi-hop tasks.

AI Systems

Dropout

Dropout randomly zeroes hidden units during training so the net cannot rely on any single co-adaptation, then scales weights at test time (or uses inverted dropout).

AI Systems

Fine-Tuning

Fine-tuning continues training a pretrained model on a narrower distribution so the same weights specialize — classification heads, instruction following, or a desk domain.

AI Systems

In-Context Learning

In-context learning is when a frozen language model improves at a task from examples placed in the prompt, without weight updates.

AI Systems

Knowledge Distillation

Knowledge distillation trains a smaller student to match a teacher’s output distribution (soft labels), transferring behavior without copying every weight.

AI Systems

LoRA

LoRA fine-tunes a frozen model by learning low-rank adapters on selected weight matrices, cutting trainable parameters and storage versus full fine-tunes.

AI Systems

Neural Network

A neural network is a layered function approximator: units compute a weighted sum, apply a nonlinearity, and pass the result forward so the whole stack can learn a mapping from inputs to outputs.

AI Systems

Perceptron

The perceptron is the original trainable linear classifier: a weighted sum plus a threshold. It is the atom of neural nets, and it cannot learn XOR without a hidden layer.

AI Systems

Regularization

Regularization is any constraint that trades train fit for expected live error: weight decay, dropout, early stopping, data augmentation, or a simpler hypothesis class.

AI Systems

Softmax

Softmax maps a real vector to a probability simplex: softmax(z)_i = exp(z_i) / Σ exp(z_j). It is the standard last layer for classification and attention weights.

AI Systems

Xavier Initialization

Xavier/Glorot initialization scales initial weights so variance is preserved through a layer — the default that made deep tanh/sigmoid nets trainable before BatchNorm.

Banking

Leverage Ratio Constraint

Leverage Ratio Constraint — Non-risk-weighted capital floor binding balance-sheet capacity.

CTA

CTA Commodity Carry Sleeve

Inside a managed-futures book, overweight backwardated contracts and underweight contango — roll yield as a second family next to price trend.

Economics

Taylor Rule

The Taylor rule is a simple policy reaction: set the policy rate to a neutral real rate plus inflation, then add weights on the inflation gap and the output gap.

Equity

Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share is net income attributable to common, divided by weighted-average shares — basic or diluted.

Fixed Income

Macaulay Duration

Macaulay duration is the present-value-weighted average time to receive a bond’s cash flows — duration in years, before the modified-duration hedge ratio.

FX

Real Effective Exchange Rate

Real Effective Exchange Rate — Trade-weighted currency adjusted for inflation differentials.

Mathematics

Expected Value

Expected value is the probability-weighted average of a random variable — the center of the distribution you actually face, not the mode or the ‘base case’ slide.

Mathematics

Risk-Neutral Measure

A risk-neutral (equivalent martingale) measure is a probability reweighting that makes discounted asset prices martingales — prices are then discounted expected payoffs under that measure, not under the real-world P.

Microstructure

Volume-Weighted Average Price

VWAP is the day’s (or window’s) average price weighted by volume — a benchmark for whether you traded with the tape or against it.

Quant

Asset Allocation

Asset allocation is the split of a portfolio across stocks, bonds, cash, and alternatives — the decision that usually dwarfs manager selection.

Quant

Prospect Theory

Prospect theory is Kahneman and Tversky’s model of choices under risk — people weigh losses harder than gains and distort probabilities.

Quant

Rebalancing

Rebalancing is trading back to target weights after drift — a disciplined contrarian flow, with costs.

Strategies

52-Week High Effect in Stocks

Overweight names near their 52-week high and underweight those far below — an anchoring/momentum hybrid.

Strategies

Earnings Announcement Premium

Overweight names (or the market) into scheduled earnings because average returns cluster around announcement windows.

Strategies

Insider Buying Strategy

Overweight names with clustered open-market insider buys and avoid heavy insider sales — a delayed Form-4 signal.

Strategies

January Effect in Stocks

Overweight small or beaten-up names in early January — the tax-loss / window-dressing calendar, heavily mined.

Strategies

Low Volatility Factor Effect in Stocks

Overweight low-realized-vol (or low-beta) stocks and underweight high-vol names — the low-risk anomaly as a long-short or defensive long-only.

Strategies

Short Interest Effect — Long Only

Overweight names with low short interest and avoid the heavily shorted — the long-only, implementable sibling of the SI sort.

Strategies

Value Factor — CAPE Effect within Countries

Overweight cheap country indexes on CAPE (or similar cyclically adjusted earnings yield) and underweight rich ones.

Option Blackboard · 0
No Option Blackboard entries matched.
Encyclopedia · 24
Strategies · Foundations

52-Week High Effect in Stocks

Overweight names near their 52-week high and underweight those far below — an anchoring/momentum hybrid.

AI Systems · Foundations

Attention Mechanism

Attention builds a weighted average of values, with weights from a compatibility function of queries and keys. It lets a model focus on relevant parts of a context instead of a single fixed vector.

AI Systems · Foundations

Backpropagation

Backpropagation computes gradients of a scalar loss with respect to every weight by applying the chain rule backwards through the computational graph.

CTA · Foundations

CTA Commodity Carry Sleeve

Inside a managed-futures book, overweight backwardated contracts and underweight contango — roll yield as a second family next to price trend.

AI Systems · Foundations

Dropout

Dropout randomly zeroes hidden units during training so the net cannot rely on any single co-adaptation, then scales weights at test time (or uses inverted dropout).

Strategies · Foundations

Earnings Announcement Premium

Overweight names (or the market) into scheduled earnings because average returns cluster around announcement windows.

Equity · Foundations

Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share is net income attributable to common, divided by weighted-average shares — basic or diluted.

Mathematics · Foundations

Expected Value

Expected value is the probability-weighted average of a random variable — the center of the distribution you actually face, not the mode or the ‘base case’ slide.

AI Systems · Foundations

Fine-Tuning

Fine-tuning continues training a pretrained model on a narrower distribution so the same weights specialize — classification heads, instruction following, or a desk domain.

AI Systems · Foundations

In-Context Learning

In-context learning is when a frozen language model improves at a task from examples placed in the prompt, without weight updates.

Strategies · Foundations

Insider Buying Strategy

Overweight names with clustered open-market insider buys and avoid heavy insider sales — a delayed Form-4 signal.

Strategies · Foundations

January Effect in Stocks

Overweight small or beaten-up names in early January — the tax-loss / window-dressing calendar, heavily mined.

AI Systems · Foundations

Knowledge Distillation

Knowledge distillation trains a smaller student to match a teacher’s output distribution (soft labels), transferring behavior without copying every weight.

Banking · Foundations

Leverage Ratio Constraint

Leverage Ratio Constraint — Non-risk-weighted capital floor binding balance-sheet capacity.

AI Systems · Foundations

LoRA

LoRA fine-tunes a frozen model by learning low-rank adapters on selected weight matrices, cutting trainable parameters and storage versus full fine-tunes.

Strategies · Foundations

Low Volatility Factor Effect in Stocks

Overweight low-realized-vol (or low-beta) stocks and underweight high-vol names — the low-risk anomaly as a long-short or defensive long-only.

Fixed Income · Foundations

Macaulay Duration

Macaulay duration is the present-value-weighted average time to receive a bond’s cash flows — duration in years, before the modified-duration hedge ratio.

AI Systems · Foundations

Neural Network

A neural network is a layered function approximator: units compute a weighted sum, apply a nonlinearity, and pass the result forward so the whole stack can learn a mapping from inputs to outputs.

AI Systems · Foundations

Perceptron

The perceptron is the original trainable linear classifier: a weighted sum plus a threshold. It is the atom of neural nets, and it cannot learn XOR without a hidden layer.

Quant · Foundations

Prospect Theory

Prospect theory is Kahneman and Tversky’s model of choices under risk — people weigh losses harder than gains and distort probabilities.

FX · Foundations

Real Effective Exchange Rate

Real Effective Exchange Rate — Trade-weighted currency adjusted for inflation differentials.

Quant · Foundations

Rebalancing

Rebalancing is trading back to target weights after drift — a disciplined contrarian flow, with costs.

AI Systems · Foundations

Regularization

Regularization is any constraint that trades train fit for expected live error: weight decay, dropout, early stopping, data augmentation, or a simpler hypothesis class.

Mathematics · Foundations

Risk-Neutral Measure

A risk-neutral (equivalent martingale) measure is a probability reweighting that makes discounted asset prices martingales — prices are then discounted expected payoffs under that measure, not under the real-world P.

Cards · 1
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