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Our main task is to study the effect of corporate governance on the market liquidity of listed companies' stocks. We establish a theoretical model that contains the heterogeneity of investors' beliefs to explain the mechanisms by which corporate governance improves liquidity of the corporate stocks. In this process we found that the existence of noise traders who are semi-informed in the market is an important condit…
For the last two decades, most financial markets have undergone an evolution toward electronification. The market for corporate bonds is one of the last major financial markets to follow this unavoidable path. Traditionally quote-driven i.e., dealer-driven) rather than order-driven, the market for corporate bonds is still mainly dominated by voice trading, but a lot of electronic platforms have emerged. These electro…
Corporate credit rating serves as a crucial intermediary service in the market economy, playing a key role in maintaining economic order. Existing credit rating models rely on financial metrics and deep learning. However, they often overlook insights from non-financial data, such as corporate annual reports. To address this, this paper introduces a corporate credit rating framework that integrates financial data with…
There is a massive underserved market for small business lending in the US with the Federal Reserve estimating over \$650B in unmet annual financing needs. Assessing the credit risk of a small business is key to making good decisions whether to lend and at what terms. Large corporations have a well-established credit assessment ecosystem, but small businesses suffer from limited publicly available data and few (if an…
Persistent shifts in term-structure dynamics undermine the stability of single-regime models in long samples. We develop an arbitrage-free regime-switching generalized CIR (RS-GCIR) model that jointly prices the Chinese government bond (CGB) curve and corporate bond curves. To capture the systematic transmission from interest-rate conditions to credit spreads, we structure the model into two blocks and price corporat…
Hit ratio is a common service metric for electronic corporate bond market making, but raw hit-ratio targets can be economically misleading when client flow has heterogeneous adverse-selection content. This paper extends a stochastic-control framework for OTC bond RFQ market making with hit-ratio constraints by replacing raw hit ratio with a residual-quality-adjusted hit ratio. The key modelling distinction is that ad…
We investigate the application of quantum cognition machine learning (QCML), a novel paradigm for both supervised and unsupervised learning tasks rooted in the mathematical formalism of quantum theory, to distance metric learning in corporate bond markets. Compared to equities, corporate bonds are relatively illiquid and both trade and quote data in these securities are relatively sparse. Thus, a measure of distance/…
This paper examines the effect of the political network of Chinese municipal leaders on the pricing of municipal corporate bonds. Using municipal leaders' working experience to measure the political network, we find that this network reduces the bond issuance yield spreads by improving the credit ratings of the issuer, the local government financing vehicle. The relationship between political networks and issuance yi…
Trading in Over-The-Counter (OTC) markets is facilitated by broker-dealers, in comparison to public exchanges, e.g., the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Dealers play an important role in stabilizing prices and providing liquidity in OTC markets. We apply machine learning methods to model and predict the trading behavior of OTC dealers for US corporate bonds. We create sequences of daily historical transaction reports…
The electronic platform has been increasingly popular for executing large corporate bond orders by asset managers, who in turn have to assess the quality of their executions via Transaction Cost Analysis (TCA). One of the challenges in TCA is to build a realistic benchmark for the expected transaction cost and to characterize the price impact of each individual trade with given bond characteristics and market conditi…
We propose an option approach for pricing bond illiquidity that is reminiscent of the celebrated work of Longstaff (1995) on the non-marketability of some non-dividend-paying shares in IPOs. This approach describes a quite common situation in the fixed income market: it is rather usual to find issuers that, besides liquid benchmark bonds, issue some other bonds that either are placed to a small number of investors in…
This article studies a dynamic corporate risk management problem by considering the decision-making of risk-averse managers who exert costly effort and select project risk. We study how a Value-at-Risk (VaR) constraint affects managerial decisions and the distribution of firm value when the manager's objective is non-concave with a fixed salary and options. By the concavification technique, we analyze the optimal ter…
Economic behavior is shaped not only by quantitative information but also by the narratives through which such information is communicated and interpreted (Shiller, 2017). I show that narratives extracted from earnings calls significantly improve the prediction of both realized earnings and analyst expectations. To uncover the underlying mechanisms, I introduce a novel text-morphing methodology in which large languag…
Against the backdrop of rapid technological advancement and the deepening digital economy, this study examines the causal impact of digital transformation on corporate financial asset allocation in China. Using data from A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2022, we construct a firm-level digitalization index based on text analysis of annual reports and differentiate financial asset allocation into long-term and sho…
Corporate fraud detection aims to automatically recognize companies that conduct wrongful activities such as fraudulent financial statements or illegal insider trading. Previous learning-based methods fail to effectively integrate rich interactions in the company network. To close this gap, we collect 18-year financial records in China to form three graph datasets with fraud labels. We analyze the characteristics of …
Our main contribution is that we are using AI to discern the key drivers of variation of ESG mentions in the corporate filings. With AI, we are able to separate "dimensions" along which the corporate management presents their ESG policies to the world. These dimensions are 1) diversity, 2) hazardous materials, and 3) greenhouse gasses. We are also able to identify separate "background" dimensions of unofficial ESG ac…
In the management of environment the Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) is essential for corporate or companies because corporate sectors are the main parties of environmental humiliation as they are existed in the environment and for protecting environment a branch of accounting is emerged which is called environmental management accounting. The objective of the study is to develop a compliance framework for …
Credit rating is an analysis of the credit risks associated with a corporation, which reflect the level of the riskiness and reliability in investing. There have emerged many studies that implement machine learning techniques to deal with corporate credit rating. However, the ability of these models is limited by enormous amounts of data from financial statement reports. In this work, we analyze the performance of tr…
CDX HY Index tracks the cost of insuring a basket of North American high-yield corporate credit and serves as a sensitive gauge of credit risk appetite and stress.
CDX IG Index tracks the cost of insuring a basket of North American investment-grade corporate credit and is widely used as a real-time gauge of credit stress and financial conditions.
High Yield OAS measures the spread of high-yield corporate bonds over risk-free Treasuries after adjusting for embedded options, serving as a key gauge of speculative credit stress.
Investment Grade OAS measures the spread of high-quality corporate bonds over Treasuries after adjusting for embedded options, helping track broad corporate credit conditions.
Mergers and acquisitions are transactions that combine firms or assets — a capital-allocation decision dressed as a strategy slide.
A spin-off distributes a subsidiary to existing shareholders as a new listed firm — a separation of claims, not a sale.
A stock split increases shares outstanding and cuts the price by the same factor — cosmetics on the claim, not on enterprise value.
The 1997–98 Asian crisis was a sequence of peg breaks, bank runs, and sudden stops starting in Thailand — short-dollar corporate debt plus weak bank regulation meeting a reversal of carry.
The 2000–02 dot-com crash was an equity-valuation collapse after a narrative IPO bubble — brutal for NASDAQ, milder as a banking crisis because leverage sat more in households and corporates than in dealer warehousing of the story.
Leveraged Loan Index — Floating-rate corporate credit sensitive to defaults, spreads, and CLO demand.
Commercial paper spreads track the cost of short-term corporate borrowing relative to safer benchmarks and help identify stress in corporate funding markets.
The 1997–98 Asian crisis was a sequence of peg breaks, bank runs, and sudden stops starting in Thailand — short-dollar corporate debt plus weak bank regulation meeting a reversal of carry.
CDX HY Index tracks the cost of insuring a basket of North American high-yield corporate credit and serves as a sensitive gauge of credit risk appetite and stress.
CDX IG Index tracks the cost of insuring a basket of North American investment-grade corporate credit and is widely used as a real-time gauge of credit stress and financial conditions.
Commercial paper spreads track the cost of short-term corporate borrowing relative to safer benchmarks and help identify stress in corporate funding markets.
The 2000–02 dot-com crash was an equity-valuation collapse after a narrative IPO bubble — brutal for NASDAQ, milder as a banking crisis because leverage sat more in households and corporates than in dealer warehousing of the story.
High Yield OAS measures the spread of high-yield corporate bonds over risk-free Treasuries after adjusting for embedded options, serving as a key gauge of speculative credit stress.
Investment Grade OAS measures the spread of high-quality corporate bonds over Treasuries after adjusting for embedded options, helping track broad corporate credit conditions.
Leveraged Loan Index — Floating-rate corporate credit sensitive to defaults, spreads, and CLO demand.