Search

Search

Papers, wiki, Option Blackboard, encyclopedia, and cards.

Results for “RAG” · papers 18 · wiki 36
Academic Papers · 18arXiv q-fin live 8 · desk corpus 376
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Gaussian Boson Sampling for Asset Clustering in Statistical Arbitrage Portfolios

Gaussian Boson Sampling (GBS) provides a native photonic quantum heuristic for sampling dense subgraphs from adjacency matrices, offering a scalable physical approach to combinatorial graph search problems. Simultaneously, correlation matrix clustering algorithms, such as Spectral and SPONGE, have established robust benchmarks for identifying co-moving assets from correlation matrices in statistical arbitrage (StatAr

Dayne Marcus Lopena, Daniel Buguks, Zhenghao Li, Ewan Mer, Shana H. Winston
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Signature-Based Optimal Execution for Statistical Arbitrage with Path-Dependent Trading Signals

We develop a signature-based framework for optimal execution in statistical arbitrage strategies with path-dependent predictive signals. Both the alpha process and the trading speed are modelled as linear functionals of the truncated signature of a time-augmented market path, placing signal generation and execution on the same truncated signature basis. This allows the trading rule to react to the realised history of

Gianmarco Morbelli, Sven Karbach, Mike Derksen
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2025

Financial Analysis: Intelligent Financial Data Analysis System Based on LLM-RAG

In the modern financial sector, the exponential growth of data has made efficient and accurate financial data analysis increasingly crucial. Traditional methods, such as statistical analysis and rule-based systems, often struggle to process and derive meaningful insights from complex financial information effectively. These conventional approaches face inherent limitations in handling unstructured data, capturing int

Jingru Wang, Wen Ding, Xiaotong Zhu
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

Statistical Arbitrage in Polish Equities Market Using Deep Learning Techniques

We study a systematic approach to a popular Statistical Arbitrage technique: Pairs Trading. Instead of relying on two highly correlated assets, we replace the second asset with a replication of the first using risk factor representations. These factors are obtained through Principal Components Analysis (PCA), exchange traded funds (ETFs), and, as our main contribution, Long Short Term Memory networks (LSTMs). Residua

Marek Adamczyk, Michał Dąbrowski
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

Attention Factors for Statistical Arbitrage

Statistical arbitrage exploits temporal price differences between similar assets. We develop a framework to jointly identify similar assets through factors, identify mispricing and form a trading policy that maximizes risk-adjusted performance after trading costs. Our Attention Factors are conditional latent factors that are the most useful for arbitrage trading. They are learned from firm characteristic embeddings t

Elliot L. Epstein, Rose Wang, Jaewon Choi, Markus Pelger
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

Graph Learning for Foreign Exchange Rate Prediction and Statistical Arbitrage

We propose a two-step graph learning approach for foreign exchange statistical arbitrages (FXSAs), addressing two key gaps in prior studies: the absence of graph-learning methods for foreign exchange rate prediction (FXRP) that leverage multi-currency and currency-interest rate relationships, and the disregard of the time lag between price observation and trade execution. In the first step, to capture complex multi-c

Yoonsik Hong, Diego Klabjan
arXiv · arXiv q-fin · 2024

Improving Retrieval for RAG based Question Answering Models on Financial Documents

The effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) in generating accurate responses relies heavily on the quality of input provided, particularly when employing Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) techniques. RAG enhances LLMs by sourcing the most relevant text chunk(s) to base queries upon. Despite the significant advancements in LLMs' response quality in recent years, users may still encounter inaccuracies or irrel

Spurthi Setty, Harsh Thakkar, Alyssa Lee, Eden Chung, Natan Vidra
OpenAlex · The Journal of Finance · 2001 · cites 824

Do Credit Spreads Reflect Stationary Leverage Ratios?

ABSTRACT Most structural models of default preclude the firm from altering its capital structure. In practice, firms adjust outstanding debt levels in response to changes in firm value, thus generating mean‐reverting leverage ratios. We propose a structural model of default with stochastic interest rates that captures this mean reversion. Our model generates credit spreads that are larger for low‐leverage firms, and

Pierre Collin‐Dufresne, Robert S. Goldstein
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Impact of arbitrage between leveraged ETF and futures on market liquidity during market crash

Leveraged ETFs (L-ETFs) are exchange-traded funds that achieve price movements several times greater than an index by holding index-linked futures such as Nikkei Stock Average Index futures. It is known that when the price of an L-ETF falls, the L-ETF uses the liquidity of futures to limit the decline through arbitrage trading. Conversely, when the price of a futures contract falls, the futures contract uses the liqu

Ryuki Hayase, Takanobu Mizuta, Isao Yagi
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

A Risk-Neutral Neural Operator for Arbitrage-Free SPX-VIX Term Structures

We propose ARBITER, a risk-neutral neural operator for learning joint SPX-VIX term structures under no-arbitrage constraints. ARBITER maps market states to an operator that outputs implied volatility and variance curves while enforcing static arbitrage (calendar, vertical, butterfly), Lipschitz bounds, and monotonicity. The model couples operator learning with constrained decoders and is trained with extragradient-st

Jian'an Zhang
arXiv · arXiv · 2025

Arbitrage with bounded Liquidity

We derive the arbitrage gains or, equivalently, Loss Versus Rebalancing (LVR) for arbitrage between \textit{two imperfectly liquid} markets, extending prior work that assumes the existence of an infinitely liquid reference market. Our result highlights that the LVR depends on the relative liquidity and relative trading volume of the two markets between which arbitrage gains are extracted. Our model assumes that tradi

Christoph Schlegel, Quintus Kilbourn
arXiv · arXiv · 2024

Concentrated Liquidity with Leverage

Concentrated liquidity (CL) provisioning is a way how to improve the capital efficiency of Automated Market Makers (AMM). Allowing liquidity providers to use leverage is a step towards even higher capital efficiency. A number of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) protocols implement this technique in conjunction with overcollateralized lending. However, the properties of leveraged CL positions have not been formalized and

Atis Elsts, Krešimir Klas
arXiv · arXiv · 2023

Fragmentation and optimal liquidity supply on decentralized exchanges

We investigate how liquidity providers (LPs) choose between high- and low-fee trading venues, in the face of a fixed common gas cost. Analyzing Uniswap data, we find that high-fee pools attract 58% of liquidity supply yet execute only 21% of volume. Large LPs dominate low-fee pools, frequently adjusting out-of-range positions in response to informed order flow. In contrast, small LPs converge to high-fee pools, accep

Alfred Lehar, Christine Parlour, Marius Zoican
arXiv · arXiv · 2013

Hedging and Leveraging: Principal Portfolios of the Capital Asset Pricing Model

The principal portfolios of the standard Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) are analyzed and found to have remarkable hedging and leveraging properties. Principal portfolios implement a recasting of any correlated asset set of N risky securities into an equivalent but uncorrelated set when short sales are allowed. While a determination of principal portfolios in general requires a detailed knowledge of the covariance

M. Hossein Partovi
arXiv · arXiv · 2010

Leverage Bubble

Leverage is strongly related to liquidity in a market and lack of liquidity is considered a cause and/or consequence of the recent financial crisis. A repurchase agreement is a financial instrument where a security is sold simultaneously with an agreement to buy it back at a later date. Repurchase agreements (repos) market size is a very important element in calculating the overall leverage in a financial market. The

Wanfeng Yan, Ryan Woodard, Didier Sornette
OpenAlex · Quantitative Finance · 2010 · cites 345

Statistical arbitrage in the US equities market

We study model-driven statistical arbitrage in US equities. Trading signals are generated in two ways: using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or regressing stock returns on sector Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs). In both cases, the idiosyncratic returns are modelled as mean-reverting processes, which leads naturally to ‘contrarian’ strategies. We construct, back-test and compare market-neutral PCA- and ETF-based strat

Marco Avellaneda, Jeong-Hyun Lee
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Axient: On-Chain Credit and Loss Allocation for Leveraged Event Markets: A Venue-Agnostic Protocol for Traders, Credit Providers, Market Makers, and Liquidation Backstops

A physically backed leveraged event position requires real credit: if collateral C receives leverage L, the protocol supplies (L-1)C and uses the combined amount to acquire recognized event exposure. This paper develops a venue-agnostic on-chain credit architecture for that capital layer and an endogenous model of its capital market. It separates traders, Senior Credit LPs, market makers, liquidators, and Liquidation

Maksym Nechepurenko
arXiv · arXiv · 2026

Axient: Debt-Free Finality for Leveraged Binary Event Markets

Leveraged event positions combine a repayable loan with an outcome claim that may become non-tradable before oracle payout is final. This paper specifies Axient, a physically backed margin layer for binary event markets that separates leverage maturity from claim maturity and makes the hard-flat decision under explicit execution uncertainty. The model distinguishes quoted book proceeds, matched proceeds, settled proc

Maksym Nechepurenko
Wiki Entities · 36
AI Systems

Adam Optimizer

Adam is an adaptive first-order optimizer that keeps exponential moving averages of the gradient and its square, giving per-parameter step sizes.

AI Systems

Attention Mechanism

Attention builds a weighted average of values, with weights from a compatibility function of queries and keys. It lets a model focus on relevant parts of a context instead of a single fixed vector.

AI Systems

Hallucination

Hallucination is fluent generation that is not supported by the source or the world — a likelihood-trained model completing a pattern, not a database lookup.

AI Systems

LoRA

LoRA fine-tunes a frozen model by learning low-rank adapters on selected weight matrices, cutting trainable parameters and storage versus full fine-tunes.

AI Systems

Retrieval-Augmented Generation

RAG retrieves relevant documents first, then conditions a language model on that evidence so answers can be grounded, cited, and updated without retraining.

Banking

Leverage Ratio Constraint

Leverage Ratio Constraint — Non-risk-weighted capital floor binding balance-sheet capacity.

Banking

Liquidity Coverage Ratio

Liquidity Coverage Ratio — Regulatory high-quality liquid asset requirement for 30-day stress.

Commodities

Commodity Inventory Financing

Commodity Inventory Financing — Repo-like financing of physical stocks linking curve to rates.

Commodities

Contango

Contango is a futures curve that rises with tenor — deferred contracts richer than nearby, often a storage and rate story.

Commodities

Crude Oil Contango

Crude Oil Contango — Upward-sloping futures curve implying storage economics and weak spot demand.

Commodities

Natural Gas Storage

Natural Gas Storage — Inventory levels driving seasonal price spikes and energy inflation.

Credit

Debt Covenant

A debt covenant is a contractual limit on the borrower — maintain a ratio, not do a thing, or report a thing — that turns a miss into a default or a fee.

Credit

Interest Coverage Ratio

Interest coverage is EBIT (or EBITDA) divided by interest expense — how many times operating profit can pay the coupon bill.

Credit

Leveraged Buyout

A leveraged buyout is a purchase financed mostly with debt on the target’s cash flows — private equity’s standard carry trade on coverage.

Crypto

Crypto Liquidation Cascade

Crypto Liquidation Cascade — Forced closes amplifying moves when leverage clusters breach.

CTA

CTA Volatility Targeting

Scale the whole book (or each market) so forecast σ hits a target — the reason a 15% vol CTA is not ‘more leveraged crude’ in a quiet month.

CTA

Dual Moving-Average Crossover

Long when a fast average is above a slow average, short when it is below — the other canonical CTA signal next to breakouts.

CTA

Energy CTA

Crude, products, natgas, and sometimes power or emissions — a complex with storage, geopolitics, and some of the nastiest gaps in the futures world.

CTA

Triple Moving-Average System

Use three averages so the fast/medium cross is only taken in the direction of the slow — a filter against counter-trend noise.

Derivatives

LEAPS Options

LEAPS Options — Long-dated equity options used for leveraged directional or hedge overlays.

Derivatives

Notional Value

Notional value is the face amount a derivative references — the exposure scale, not the cash outlay or the market value.

Derivatives

Put-Call Parity

Put-call parity is the no-arbitrage link C − P = F − K (discounted) — a European call and put with the same K and T are one instrument plus cash.

Derivatives

SVI Parameterization

SVI Parameterization — Arbitrage-aware parameterization of volatility smiles for interpolation and trading.

Derivatives

Volatility Arbitrage

Volatility Arbitrage — Trading discrepancies between implied, realized, and cross-asset volatility.

Economics

Seigniorage

Seigniorage is the real resources a sovereign (or a private issuer of money-like claims) obtains by issuing money whose production cost is below face value.

Economics

Tragedy of the Commons

The tragedy of the commons is overuse of a rival, non-excludable resource because each user internalizes the benefit and shares the depletion cost.

Economy

Deflation

Deflation is a sustained fall in the general price level — often a demand or debt-deleveraging story, dangerous when nominal debt is high.

Emerging Markets

BTP-Bund Spread

BTP-Bund spread measures the yield difference between Italian and German government bonds and is a key indicator of euro-area sovereign stress and fragmentation risk.

Emerging Markets

Europe Periphery Spreads

Europe Periphery Spreads — BTP-Bund and similar spreads as euro-area fragmentation gauges.

Equity

Debt-to-Equity Ratio

Debt-to-equity is interest-bearing debt divided by book (or market) equity — a headline leverage ratio that hides maturity and covenants.

Equity

Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share is net income attributable to common, divided by weighted-average shares — basic or diluted.

Equity

EBITDA

EBITDA is earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortization — a crude operating-profit proxy used in leverage and EV multiples.

Equity

Index Fund

An index fund holds a rules-based basket to match a published index — a bet that average ownership, cheaply, wins on fees.

Equity

Market Bubble

A market bubble is a price path driven more by narrative, leverage, and new buyers than by discounted cash flow — obvious after, argued during.

Equity

Return on Assets

Return on assets is net income (or EBIT) divided by total assets — how much profit the whole sheet produces before you celebrate leverage.

Financial Crises

Archegos 2021

Archegos was a family-office total-return-swap blow-up in March 2021: concentrated longs, huge hidden leverage across prime brokers, and a week of block sales that hit ViacomCBS and others.

Option Blackboard · 1
Encyclopedia · 24
AI Systems · Foundations

Adam Optimizer

Adam is an adaptive first-order optimizer that keeps exponential moving averages of the gradient and its square, giving per-parameter step sizes.

Financial Crises · Foundations

Archegos 2021

Archegos was a family-office total-return-swap blow-up in March 2021: concentrated longs, huge hidden leverage across prime brokers, and a week of block sales that hit ViacomCBS and others.

Strategies · Foundations

Asset Class Trend-Following

Hold each broad asset class only when it is in an uptrend (typically above a long moving average); otherwise sit in cash or bills.

AI Systems · Foundations

Attention Mechanism

Attention builds a weighted average of values, with weights from a compatibility function of queries and keys. It lets a model focus on relevant parts of a context instead of a single fixed vector.

Strategies · Foundations

Betting Against Beta in Stocks

Long leveraged low-beta stocks and short high-beta stocks so the book is roughly market-neutral — BAB, not raw low-vol.

Emerging Markets · Foundations

BTP-Bund Spread

BTP-Bund spread measures the yield difference between Italian and German government bonds and is a key indicator of euro-area sovereign stress and fragmentation risk.

Fixed Income · Foundations

CDS Basis Trade

CDS Basis Trade — Arbitrage between cash bonds and CDS contracts revealing funding and counterparty frictions.

Fixed Income · Foundations

CLO Issuance

CLO Issuance — Structured credit supply that absorbs leveraged loans and shapes spread regimes.

Commodities · Foundations

Contango

Contango is a futures curve that rises with tenor — deferred contracts richer than nearby, often a storage and rate story.

Strategies · Foundations

Convertible Arbitrage

Long the convertible and short the delta in the stock — harvest cheap implied vol / credit, with funding and squeeze risk.

Commodities · Foundations

Crude Oil Contango

Crude Oil Contango — Upward-sloping futures curve implying storage economics and weak spot demand.

Crypto · Foundations

Crypto Liquidation Cascade

Crypto Liquidation Cascade — Forced closes amplifying moves when leverage clusters breach.

CTA · Foundations

CTA Volatility Targeting

Scale the whole book (or each market) so forecast σ hits a target — the reason a 15% vol CTA is not ‘more leveraged crude’ in a quiet month.

Equity · Foundations

Debt-to-Equity Ratio

Debt-to-equity is interest-bearing debt divided by book (or market) equity — a headline leverage ratio that hides maturity and covenants.

Economy · Foundations

Deflation

Deflation is a sustained fall in the general price level — often a demand or debt-deleveraging story, dangerous when nominal debt is high.

Quant · Foundations

Dollar-Cost Averaging

Dollar-cost averaging is investing a fixed cash amount on a schedule — you buy more shares when price is down, fewer when up.

Financial Crises · Foundations

Dot-Com Crash 2000

The 2000–02 dot-com crash was an equity-valuation collapse after a narrative IPO bubble — brutal for NASDAQ, milder as a banking crisis because leverage sat more in households and corporates than in dealer warehousing of the story.

CTA · Foundations

Dual Moving-Average Crossover

Long when a fast average is above a slow average, short when it is below — the other canonical CTA signal next to breakouts.

Strategies · Foundations

Earnings Announcement Premium

Overweight names (or the market) into scheduled earnings because average returns cluster around announcement windows.

Equity · Foundations

Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share is net income attributable to common, divided by weighted-average shares — basic or diluted.

Equity · Foundations

EBITDA

EBITDA is earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortization — a crude operating-profit proxy used in leverage and EV multiples.

CTA · Foundations

Energy CTA

Crude, products, natgas, and sometimes power or emissions — a complex with storage, geopolitics, and some of the nastiest gaps in the futures world.

Emerging Markets · Foundations

Europe Periphery Spreads

Europe Periphery Spreads — BTP-Bund and similar spreads as euro-area fragmentation gauges.

Financial Crises · Foundations

Evergrande / China Property 2021

Evergrande’s 2021 missed payments opened a still-running Chinese property and LGFV credit squeeze — a developer-leverage and pre-sale trust crisis under a political deleveraging campaign.

Cards · 0
No cards matched.
← Back to Codex